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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tests of functional equivalence between pimozide pretreatment, extinction and free feeding (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 423-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anhedonia ; Drive ; Extinction ; Free feeding ; Neuroleptic ; Pimozide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Both pimozide pretreatment and free feeding caused within-session and between-session decrements in variable interval operant performance; response decrements generated under pimozide were maintained on transfer to free feeding, and vice versa. On subsequently testing under extinction conditions (after food deprivation and drug free) large initial increases in responding were seen in all groups, and subsequent response decrements in extinction were steeper than in either pimozide or free feeding conditions. The effects of pimozide pretreatment do not resemble those of extinction, but may in some circumstances be functionally equivalent to a decrease in drive level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181960
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apomorphine anorexia: the role of dopamine receptors in the ventral forebrain (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 96 (1988), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Sulpiride ; SCH-23390 ; Central drug administration ; Dopamine autoreceptors ; Feeding behaviour ; Microstructural analysis ; Eating rate ; Eating time ; Open field ; Nucleus accumbens ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inhibition of feeding following the administration of apomorphine, systemically or directly into the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum, was studied using a microstructural analysis paradigm. On systemic administration, apomorphine reduced food consumption, eating rate and eating time; the effects were blocked by sulpiride but not by SCH-23390. Two doses of apomorphine were administered centrally. Both doses reduced total food intake and eating rate; only the higher dose also reduced eating time; all of these effects were blocked by sulpiride pretreatment. Only the lower dose reduced locomotor activity and rearing in the open field. The results suggest that apomorphine reduces eating rate by an action on dopamine (DA) axon terminal autoreceptors. We have previously demonstrated that apomorphine reduces eating time by an action on DA cell body autoreceptors. Therefore, the two populations of DA autoreceptors appear to be differentially involved in behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431545
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on sucrose consumption and preference (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 98-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sucrose preference ; Two-bottle test ; Dopamine ; Sulpiride ; SCH-23390 ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride and the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 were examined, in rats, in two-bottle preference tests (sucrose versus water) and in single-bottle tests, at different sucrose concentrations. Both drugs decreased sucrose intake in single bottle tests, at low sucrose concentrations, but had no effect at high concentrations; reducing drive level had exactly the opposite pattern of effects. In two-bottle tests, both drugs reduced preference for the weakest sucrose concetration (0.7%) but increased preference for the strongest concentration (34%). The effects of antagonizing either subtype of DA receptor appear to be similar to those of reducing the concentration of sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634461
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blockade of 8-OH-DPAT-induced feeding by dopamine antagonists (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 402-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Feeding ; 8-OH-DPAT ; Dopamine ; Antagonists ; Grooming ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Feeding elicited by the 5HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT was blocked by pretreatment with the DA antagonists SCH-23390 and sulpiride, in two experiments conducted in non-deprived rats and in three experiments conducted after 4 h food deprivation. In deprived animals, 8-OH-DPAT prolonged the initial period of feeding. However, in non-deprived animals, 8-OH-DPAT delayed the onset of eating, and suppressed post-prandial resting; both SCH-23390 and sulpiride restored the normal pattern of behaviour. All three drugs suppressed grooming. The results suggest that 8-OH-DPAT elicits feeding by a secondary disinhibition of activity postsynaptic to DA neurons. The consequences of this mechanism for the interpretation of 8-OH-DPAT-induced feeding are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445567
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversal of stress-induced anhedonia by the atypical antidepressants, fluoxetine and maprotiline (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 109 (1992), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stress ; Sucrose drinking ; Place preference conditioning ; Reward ; Fluoxetine ; Maprotiline ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress has previously been found to depress the consumption of palatable sweet solutions. In the present study this effect was reversed by chronic (9 weeks) treatment with the atypical antidepressants, fluoxetine and maprotiline (5 mg/kg/day); the non-antidepressant chlordiazepoxide was ineffective. Stressed animals were also subsensitive to food reward in the place conditioning procedure; however, fluoxetine and maprotiline treated animals showed normal place preference conditioning. Acute pretreatment with raclopride (100 µg/kg) selectively reversed the recovery of sucrose drinking in antidepressant-treated stressed animals. These results extend previous reports of the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants in this paradigm, and support the hypothesis of a dopaminergic mechanism of antidepressant action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247719
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression or facilitation of operant behaviour by raclopride dependent on concentration of sucrose reward (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 105 (1991), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Raclopride ; Operant performance ; Sweet reward ; Secondary cues ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats responded under continuous reinforcement for 1%, 10% or 95% sucrose pellets, under food deprived or ad libitum access conditions. In both cases responding was highest for 10% sucrose reinforcement, and a small proportion of 95% sucrose was not consumed. Ad libitum food access reduced response rates for all sucrose concentrations. Responding for 10% and 95% sucrose pellets followed a parallel time-course; and accumulation of 95% sucrose pellets was immediate and nonprogressive. Extinction following availability of 95% sucrose pellets caused an increase in response rate, but removal of 10% sucrose led only to a decline in responding. Under both food deprived and non-deprived conditions, the dopamine D-2 antagonist raclopride dose-dependently decreased responding for 1% or 10% sucrose, but increased responding for, and consumption of, 95% sucrose reward. After eight sessions of responding under extinction conditions, the presentation of reward-associated cues increased response rate early in the session. Raclopride had no effect during this period, but decreased responding later in the session. We consider the implications of these results for theories of neuroleptic drug action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244316
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversal of antidepressant action by dopamine antagonists in an animal model of depression (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stress ; Sucrose ; Saccharin ; Antidepressant ; Desmethylimipramine ; Amitriptyline ; Dopamine ; SCH-23390 ; Sulpiride ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats subjected chronically (12 weeks) to a variety of mild, unpredictable stressors showed a reduced consumption of sucrose or a sucrose/saccharin mixture in two-bottle consumption tests (sweet solution versus water). The deficit was apparent within 2 weeks of stress; normal behaviour was restored by chronic (7 weeks) treatment with the tricyclic antidepressants desmethylimipramine (DMI) or amitriptyline (AMI). Acute administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 1 week after withdrawal, or the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride 2 weeks after withdrawal, were without effect in vehicle-treated stressed animals, and in non-stressed animals. However, the DA antagonists selectively reversed the improvement of performance in DMI- or AMI-treated stressed animals. This suggests that an increase in functional activity at DA synapses is the mechanism of action of DMI and AMI in this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245655
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An animal model of anhedonia: attenuation of sucrose consumption and place preference conditioning by chronic unpredictable mild stress (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stress ; Place preference conditioning ; Reward ; Amphetamine ; Anhedonia ; Melancholia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chronic exposure to very mild unpredictable stress has previously been found to depress the consumption of, and preference for, highly palatable sweet solutions. The present study used the place conditioning procedure to investigate whether these effects result from a decreased sensitivity to reward. Rats were subjected to chronic mild unpredictable stress for a total of 4 weeks. During weeks 3 and 4, they received four training trials, in which rewards were presented in a distinctive environment, and four further non-rewarded trials in a different environment. The rewards used in different experiments were food pellets, dilute (0.7%) and concentrated (34%) sucrose solutions, anddl-amphetamine sulphate (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg). In all experiments, non-stressed animals showed an increase in preference for the environment associated with reward; in stressed animals, these effects were abolished or greatly attenuated. Chronic unpredictable mild stress, which may be comparable in intensity to the difficulties people encounter in their daily lives, appears to cause a generalized decrease in sensitivity to rewards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244188
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apomorphine anorexia: A behavioural and neuropharmacological analysis (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 351-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Haloperidol ; Thioridazine ; Central drug administration ; Dopamine ; Feeding behaviour ; Microstructural analysis ; Eating rate ; Eating time ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anorectic effects of apomorphine were studied in a microstructural analysis paradigm. Low doses of apomorphine (〈0.1 mg/kg SC) reduced food intake, by reducting both the rate of eating and eating time. The neuroleptics haloperidol and thioridazine blocked the effect of apomorphine on eating time, but not on eating rate. Anorectic effects elicited by apomorphine administration to the ventral tegmental area and, to a lesser extent, the substantia nigra were mediated by a selective reduction of eating time. Effects of apomorphine on eating time appear to result from an action at presynaptic dopamine receptors; the mechanism of the effect of apomorphine on eating rate is unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432720
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A matching law analysis of the effects of dopamine receptor antagonists (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 560-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Herrnstein's equation ; Dopamine antagonists ; Reinforcement ; Motor capacity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Herrnstein's matching equation was used to analyze drug effects on performance in random interval reinforcement schedules. Pimozide caused effects compatible with both motor and motivational impairments, in a 5-component multiple schedule, a 3-schedule 3-day cycle (ALT-3), and a 2-schedule 2-day cycle (ALT-2). However, at low doses, both sulpiride and SCH-23390, tested in the ALT-3 and ALT-2 procedures, caused effects compatible with selective motivational impairments. In experiments using the non-multiple schedules, motivational effects increased during the course of the experimental session, under all three drugs. The interpretation of “motor” and “motivational” deficits in the ALT-2 procedure was validated by experiments in which the response-force and deprivation level were systematically varied. The results support the view that dopamine may be involved in the maintenance of rewarded behaviour, but do not differentially implicate the D1 or the D2 receptor subtype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244238
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