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  • 1
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XXXV.  -  Voltammetry of Vinylogous Polyenes with Cross-Conjugated End Groups and UV/VIS Spectroscopy of their Radical Anions and CationsMost of the polyenes 1-5, especially of the vinylogous 2.n(n = 0-4) and 5.n(n = 1-4) are as well reversibly reduced as oxidized in two steps. As expected the large semiquinone formation constants decrease with increasing chain length (2: KSEMc = 1013-107; KSEMa = 1011-101). The UV/VIS spectra of the radical anions and cations of system 2.n, generated in solution, belong to the violene type; Δλmax ≈ 135 nm (SEMc) and Δλmax ≈ 160 nm (SEM). The potentials of 5.n and the UV/VIS spectra of the radicals of 5.1 point towards twisted molecules. The systems 2.n are the first polyenes which can exist in five oxidation levels and which form persistent radical anions and cations. The redox potentials of 2.n and the UV/VIS spectra of the radical ions are in accordance with the predictions of the Hückel theory.
    Notes: Die Mehrzahl der Polyene 1-5, insbesondere der Vinylogen 2.n (n = 0-4) und 5.n (n = 1-4) werden sowohl reversibel zweistufig reduziert als auch oxidiert. Erwartungsgemäß nehmen die großen Semichinonbildungskonstanten mit wachsender Kettenlänge ab (2: KSEMc = 1013-107; KSEMa = 1011-101). Die UV/VIS-Spektren der in Lösung erzeugten Radikalanionen und-kationen des Systems 2 (n = 0-4) sind vom Violentyp mit Δλmax ≈ 135 nm (SEMc) und Δλmax ≈ 160nm (SEM). Die Potentiale des Systems 5.n sowie die UV/VIS-Spektren der Radikal-Ionen aus 5.1 weisen auf Verdrillung hin. Mit 2.n liegen erstmals Polyene vor, die in fünf Oxidationsstufen existieren können und deren Radikal-Ionen persistente Lösungen bilden. Sowohl die Redoxpotentiale von 2.n als auch die UV/VIS-Spektren der Radikal-Ionen entsprechen den Erwartungen der Hückel-Theorie.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XLIV. - Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of 1-Substituted 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridinium SaltsVia reversible one-electron reduction of the models 3a - e it is demonstrated that the unique behaviour of R = CN in system 1e is due to the form 1eOX. The effect is interpreted as π-donation of the cyano group to the electron deficient bipyridinium system.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der reversiblen Einelektronenreduktion der Modelle 3a - e wird nachgewiesen, daß die Sonderrolle von R = CN im System 1e der Form 1eOX zukommt. Zur Interpretation wird die π-Donorfunktion der Cyangruppe gegenüber dem elektronenarmen Bipyridinium-System herangezogen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1986 (1986), S. 1222-1240 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction of Functional Groups into the Seven-membered Ring of AzuleneSubstitution in 4- and 6-position of azulene (1) is extended by new nucleophiles (work-up with dehydrogenation): Lithiated methylphosphonates and formaldehyde dithioacetals yield 4- and 6-azulenylmethylphosphonic esters 4 - 7, and 4- and 6-azulenecarbaldehyde dithioacetals 11, 15, and 25. Their cleavage leads to the corresponding aldehydes. More conveniently, 4- and 6-azulenecarbaldehyde (23 and 27) are synthesized via the reaction of 1 with lithium (diethylamino)acetonitrile. The dependence of 4/6-substitution from the nucleophile is discussed.
    Notes: Die Substitution in 4- und 6-Position des Azulens (1) wird durch Einsatz neuer Nucleophile (dehydrierende Aufarbeitung) erweitert: Lithiierte Methylphosphonsäureester und Formaldehyd-dithioacetale liefern die 4- und 6-Azulenylmethylphosphonsäureester 4 - 7 und 4- und 6-Azulencarbaldehyd-dithioacetale 11, 15 und 25. Diese lassen sich zu den entsprechenden Aldehyden spalten. Zweckmäßiger werden 4- und 6-Azulencarbaldehyd (23 und 27) über die Reaktion von 1 mit Lithium-(diethylamino)acetonitril synthetisiert. Das Verhältnis 4:6-Substitution in Abhängigkeit vom Nucleophil wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1984 (1984), S. 1905-1935 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XXXVII.  -  Biazulenyls and ω,ω′-Biazulenylpolyenes: Syntheses and Spectroscopic PropertiesThe ω,ω′-biazulenylpolyenes 2-12 were selected to study the dependence of their redox properties from the linkage position. This paper describes the syntheses of the mostly unknown systems 2.1-9.n via Wittig, Horner-Emmons, and McMurry reactions. UV/VIS and 1H NMR spectra confirm the depicted structures and configurations.
    Notes: Zum Studium der Abhängigkeit des Redoxverhaltens von der Verknüpfungsposition in den ω,ω′-Biazulenylpolyenen 2-12 werden durch Wittig-, Horner-Emmons- und McMurry-Reaktionen die Systeme 2.1-9.n größtenteils erstmals synthetisiert. UV/VIS-und 1H-NMR-Spektren bestätigen die angegebene Konstitution und Konfiguration.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XXXIX.  -  Isomeric Biazulenyls: UV/VIS Spectroscopy, Voltammetry, and HMO EnergiesUV/VIS spectra and voltammetrically determined redox properties of isomeric biazulenyls depend strongly on the positions of linkage between the azulenyl groups. All isomers can be reversibly reduced in two steps (KSEMc = 2·103 to 6·1010), however, only the 1,1′-isomer (4.0) can be reversibly oxidized (in two steps; KSEMa = 1.4·106). Comparison of redox potentials and HOMO/LUMO energies allows estimation of steric effects caused by different degrees of twisting of the isomers. Besides, in some cases the possibility of triplet states can be derived.
    Notes: UV/VIS-Spektren und voltammetrisch bestimmtes Redoxverhalten der isomeren Biazulenyle hängen stark von der Verknüpfungsposition ab. Während sämtliche Isomere reversibel zweistufig reduzierbar sind (KSEMc = 2·103 bis 6·1010), ist nut das 1,1′-Isomere (4.0) auch reversibel (zweistufig) oxidierbar (KSEMa = 1.4·106). Durch Vergleich der Potentiale mit den HOMO/LUMO-Energien läßt sich die Auswirkung des unterschiedlichen Verdrillungsgrades abschätzen und die Möglichkeit der Bildung von Triplettzuständen bei einigen Isomeren erkennen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1984 (1984), S. 1959-1971 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XL.  -  ω,ω′-Biazulenylpolyenes: Voltammetry and HMO EnergiesAs demonstrated by voltammetric data of isomeric biazulenylethylenes, the potentials and reversibility of electron transfer depend dramatically on the positions of linkage. Only 1,1′ linkage (2.1, 3.1, 4.1) allows two-step reversible reduction and oxidation. These hydrocarbons therefore can exist on five different oxidation levels. Vinylene bridges in 4,4′ and 6,6′ position (5 or 6 and 7) permit reversible two-step reduction. Mixed connections of the rings [1,4′ (8), 1,6′ (9)] leads to thermodynamically very stable radical anions in connection with disturbed conjugation. Vinylogues of a certain series show the usual linear correlations between n and 1/lgKSEM. The electrochemical behaviour is clearly reflected by the HOMO and LUMO energies of the biazulenylpolyenes, which are compared with azulene (1) and the binaphthylethylenes 13 and 14.
    Notes: Voltammetrische Daten isomerer Biazulenylethylene zeigen, daß die Lage der Potentiale und die Reversibilität des Elektronentransfers drastisch von den Verknüpfungspositionen abhängen. Nur bei 1,1′-Verknüpfung (2.1, 3.1, 4.1) gelingt zweistufige reversible Reduktion und Oxidation. Diese Kohlenwasserstoffe können also in fünf Oxidationsstufen existieren. Vinylenbrücken in 4,4′- und 6,6′-Stellung (5 bzw. 6 und 7) erlauben reversible zweistufige Reduktion. “Gemischte” Verknüpfung [1,4′(8), 1,6′ (9)] führt zu thermodynamisch besonders stabilen Radikalanionen bei gestörter Konjugation. Vinyloge einer Reihe zeigen die übliche lineare Korrelation von n mit 1/lgKSEM. Das elektrochemische Verhalten entspricht weitgehend den HOMO- und LUMO-Energien der Biazulenylpolyene, die mit Azulen (1) und den Binaphythylethylenen 13 und 14 verglichen werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XXXVIII.  -  Biazulenyls and ω,ω′-Biazulenylpolyenes: Reactions with Protic Acids, Nucleophiles, Reducing and Oxidizing AgentsThe chemical behaviour of the isomeric (vinylogous) biazulenyls is determined by the linkage positions: acids transform 5.n and 7.n into dications, 8.n and 9.n, however, into monocations (cyanine type) and 4.n in the presence of air into radical cations (violene type). Methyllithium produces dianions from 4.n, 5.n, and 7.n, monoanions (cyanine type) are formed from 8.n and 9.n. Antimon pentachloride oxidizes 4.n to give radical cations 4.nSEMa or (excess) to yield isolable dications 4.nOXa. Sodium naphthalenide or trimethylsilylpotassium transform 5.n, 7.n, and 10 into radical anions SEMc, however 8.n 9.n into cyanine anions. All the compounds produced in solution are identified mainly by their UV/VIS spectra.
    Notes: Die Verknüpfungspositionen der isomeren (vinylogen) Biazulenyle bestimmen das chemische Verhalten: Säure verwandelt 5.n und 7.n in die Dikationen, 8.n und 9.n in Monokationen vom Cyanintyp und 4.n (mit Luftsauerstoff) in Radikalkationen 4.nSEMa vom Violentyp. Methyllithium erzeugt aus 4.n, 5.n und 7.n Dianionen, aus 8.n und 9.n die Monoanionen vom Cyanintyp. Antimonpentachlorid oxidiert 4.n zu Radikalkationen 4.nSEMa oder (im Überschuß) zu den isolierbaren Dikationen 4.nOXa. Natrium-naphthalinid und Trimethylsilylkalium verwandeln 5.n, 7.n und 10 in Radikalanionen SEMc, dagegen 8.n und 9.n in Cyaninanionen. Die Identifizierung der in Lösung erzeugten Produkte erfolgt vorwiegend durch UV/VIS-Spektroskopie.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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