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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 65 (1976), S. 691-700 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The researches carried out on the recent dyke activity in the south-western Tyrol have revealed a widespread “andesitic” magmatism in the austroalpine realm. The magmatic activity developed at least in two distinct phases; but in this paper we are only concerned with the unmetamorphosed dykes which are younger than the alpine folding. The existence of a calc-alkaline magmatism mainly of the intermediate type, and the occurrence of garnet as the first mineral on the liquidus, imply a very deep origin of such a magmatism, which agrees with the geodynamic models, providing the subduction of oceanic crust recently hypothesized for the Alpine evolution. Regarding the age of dyke activity, very recent radiometric results (K/Ar) testify for the first time in the Alps an “andesitic” magmatism from Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary and suggest both continuous or separate subductive processes from the Upper Cretaceous onwards.
    Abstract: Résumé L'étude des manifestations filoniennes récentes de l'Alto Adige occidental a mis en évidence l'éxistence dans l'Austroalpin d'un magmatisme de type andésitique largement répandu. L'activité magmatique se développe au moins en deux phases distinguées; on considère ici que les filons postérieurs au plissement et au métamorphisme alpins. L'éxistence d'un magmatisme calco-alcalin, avec un teneur en SiO2 intermediaire, associé à la présence de grenat dans le liquidus, implique une origine très profonde du magma, bien en accord avec les modèles geodynamiques qui soulignent le processus de «subduction» d'une croûte océanique, proposé récemment pour les Alpes. Quelques datations radiométriques (K/Ar) témoignent, pour la première fois dans les Alpes Orientales, d'une activité filonienne andésitique dès le Crétacé supérieur jusqu'au Tertiaire, ce suggère la possibilité d'un processus de «subduction» soit continu, soit en plusieurs phases, depuis le Crétacé supérieur jusqu'à l'Oligocène.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen an jungen Ganggesteinen im Westteil von Südtirol zeigen, daß im Ostalpinen Deckensystem ein „andesitischer“ Vulkanismus weit verbreitet ist. Dieser Vulkanismus war zu zwei verschiedenen Zeitabschnitten aktiv, doch befaßt sich die vorliegende Arbeit nur mit jenen Gängen, die jünger sind als die alpidische Deformation und Metamorphose. Es handelt sich um intermediäre Magmatite der Kalk-Alkali-Reihe. Demzufolge und nach dem Auftreten von Granat als erstem Mineral auf der Liquidus-Kurve muß auf eine Entstehung der Magmen in großer Tiefe geschlossen werden. Dies paßt gut in die jüngst entwickelten geodynamischen Modelle, wonach auch in den Alpen mit einer Subduktion ozeanischer Kruste zu rechnen ist. Radiometrische Untersuchungen (K/Ar) bezeugen erstmals die Existenz „andesitischer“ Gänge in den Alpen von der Oberkreide an bis in das Tertiär, was auf entweder kontinuierliche oder auch mehrphasige Subduktions-Vorgänge ab Oberkreide hindeutet.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 65 (1976), S. 701-710 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The magmatic activity of the Venetian Tertiary Volcanic Province took place between Paleocene and Upper Oligocene. It is characterized mainly by basic and ultrabasic products; only in the Euganean Hills can be found a magmatism predominantly of acidic-type (trachytes and rhyolites) and scarce latites be found. The whole of Venetian volcanism shows a mildly alkaline character, tholeiitic products have flowed only in the latest phases of activity. The possible link between Venetian volcanism and alpine subductive processes have been examined, taking into account the serial features and the structural setting of the region. The close affinity of the Venetian volcanics with those of typical anorogenic series, together with geo-structural considerations, suggest that, very probably, the “alpine orogen” has suplied anomalous geothermal gradients which, in a severe extensive tectonic picture, have caused melting processes in the upper mantle.
    Abstract: Résumé Le volcanisme tertiaire vénetien se développe depuis le Paléocène jusqu'à l'Oligocène supérieur. Il est caracterisé par des produits basiques et ultrabasiques; seulement dans les Colli Euganei prédominent des magmatites acides (trachytes et rhyolites) et de rares latites. L'entière province présente un caractère modérémment alcalin, avec seulement dans les dernière phases, des termes tholéiitiques. On analyse la possibilité d'une liaison entre l'activité volcanique et un processus de «subduction» alpin, par rapport au caractère de la série magmatique et à la structure tectonique de la région. La province volcanique tertiaire de la Venétie montre une étroite affinité avec les séries typiquement anorogéniques. De même sur la base de considérations géologiques et tectoniques on peut penser que le magmatisme tertiaire est lié à la géodynamique alpine surtout dans un cadre de gradients géothermiques anormaux. L'anomalie géothermique aurait produit, dans des conditions de distension tectonique, un processus de fusion dans le manteau supérieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die magmatische Aktivität im Tertiär Venetiens hält vom Paleozän bis zum oberen Oligozän an. Charakteristisch sind basische bis ultrabasische Gesteine, lediglich in den Colli Euganei überwiegen saure Vulkanite (Trachyte und Rhyolithe, untergeordnet Latite). Alkalischer Chemismus überwiegt, nur in den letzten Phasen treten tholeiitische Ergüsse auf. Unter Berücksichtigung der vulkanischen Abfolgen und der tektonischen Strukturen des Gebietees wurde untersucht, ob eine Verbindung der vulkanischen Aktivität zu alpidischen Subduktionsvorgängen möglich ist. Die enge Verwandtschaft der tertiären Vulkanite Venetiens zu solchen typisch anorogener Bereiche sowie strukturgeologische Überlegungen zeigen, daß die alpidische Orogenese hier eine thermische Anomalie zur Folge hatte und so, in Verbindung mit einer Dehnungstektonik, Schmelzvorgänge im Oberen Mantel auslöste.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ca-reiche Pyroxene von basischen und sauren Gesteinen der Cameroon Volcanic Line (Westafrika): Kristallchemie und petrologische Beziehungen C2/c Pyroxenphänokristalle aus basischen Gesteinen (Basanit–Trachyphonolith-Suite und Alkalibasalte) und differenzierte CIPW Ne- und Q-normative Trachyte und Rhyolithe, die im kontinentalen Sektor der Cameroon Volcanic Line auftreten, wurden mittels Einkristall-Röntgendiffraktion, ergänzt durch Elektronenmikrosonden-Analyse, untersucht. Diese Technik ermöglicht genaue Angaben zur Besetzung der Gitterpositionen und der geometrischen Variationen. Der untersuchte Klinopyroxen ist die einzige kristallisierende Ca-reiche Liquidusphase, sowohl in den basischen als auch in den differenzierten Vulkaniten. Klinopyroxene aus alkalischen Gesteinen sind durch große VT, als Folge von niedrigem Si(T) und von Si-AlVI Substitution, charakterisiert, was wiederum hohe R3+(AlVI + Fe3+ + Cr3+ + Ti4+) in der M1 Position erforderlich macht. Klinopyroxene aus differenzierten sauren Vulkaniten haben ein großes VM1. Dies steht mit hohen Fe2+ (M1) Gehalten in Beziehung, da Klinopyroxen aus MgO-armen (〈 0.5 Gew.%) Schmelzen bei relativ niedrigem fO2 (QFM Buffer) auskristallisierte. Die hohen Fe2+-Gehalte in M1 verursachen eine Verlängerung der 〈M1-O〉 Abstände, was wiederum eine Verkürzung der T-O1 und T-O2 Abstände (i.e. hohes Si) erforderlich macht, ungeachtet der magmatischen Affinität des Klinopyroxens in SiO2-untersättigten oder -übersättigten Bedingungen. Daher haben Klinopyroxene aus sauren Gesteinen ähnliche (Ca + Na)- Gehalte wie jene aus basischen; aber ihr 〈M2-O3〉 ist, als Folge der 〈T-O3〉 Verkürzung, relativ länger. Daraus folgt, daß Klinopyroxene, die aus silikatischen Schmelzen auskristallisieren eine relativ große Zunahme in VM2 zeigen, die aber nicht mit einer Zunahme von (Ca + Na) in Beziehung steht. Die β-ΔM2 (Verzerrungsparameter) Beziehung zeigt, daß die basischen Magmen, die Stammagmen der Q-normativen Gesteine, leicht bis mäßig alkalische Basalte waren und nicht SiO2-untersättigte oder -übersättigte. Jene der Trachyphonolithe und Ne-Trachyte waren deutlicher SiO2-untersättigt (z.B. die basanitischen Magmen). Die Beziehungen von Vcell-VM1 bestätigen, daß die Klinopyroxenphänokristalle in der Kruste bei relativ niedrigen Drucken (ca. 1–5 kbar) kristallisierten.
    Notes: Summary C2/c pyroxene (Cpx) phenocrysts from basic rocks (basanite-trachyphonolite suite and alkali basalts) and differentiated CIPW Ne- and Q-normative trachytes and rhyolites occurring in the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction combined with electron probe microanalysis. This technique provides accurate data on site occupancy and geometric variations. The investigated Cpx is the only liquidus Ca-rich crystallizing phase from both basic and differentiated volcanics. Cpx from basic alkaline rocks are characterized by large VT owing to their low Si(T), which requires high R3+ (AlVI + Fe3+ + Cr3+ + Ti4+) in M1 site, due to Si-AlIV substitution. High Ca content allows the appropriate netcharge for the overbonded O3 oxygens. Cpx from differentiated silicic volcanics have large VM1 related to high Fe2+ (M1), since Cpx crystallized from MgO-poor (〈 0.5 wt%) melts at relatively low fO2 (QFM buffer). The high Fe2+ (M1) causes lengthening of 〈M1-O〉, which requires shortening of T-O1 and T-O2 (i.e. high Si), irrespective of the magmatic affinity of the Cpx in SiO2-undersaturated or oversaturated conditions. Therefore, Cpx from silicic rocks have similar (Ca + Na) contents to those formed from basic rocks, but their 〈M2-O3〉 is relatively longer, owing to the shortening of 〈T-O3〉. It follows that Cpx crystallizing from silicic melts show a relatively large VM2 increase, which is not related to an increase in (Ca + Na). The β-ΔM2 (distortion parameter) relationship of Cpx indicates that the basic magmas parental to Q-normative rocks were slightly to moderately alkaline basalts and not SiO2-undersaturated or oversaturated, while those from trachyphonolite and Ne-trachyte were distinctly more SiO2-undersaturated (e.g. basanitic magmas). Vcell–VM1 relationships confirmed that the investigated Cpx phenocrysts crystallized in the crust at relatively low pressure (ca. 1–5 kbar).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Basaltische Sills von tholeiitischer und Ubergangszusammensetzung sind in paläozoischen Sedimentgesteinen des Paranà-Beckens weit verbreitet. Sie können bis zu 200 m mächtig werden. In geochemischer Hinsicht sind sie mit den darüberliegenden Plateau-Basalten unterkretazischen Alters eng verwandt und durch das Auftreten von Pigeonit charakterisiert. Alle Sills haben in niedrigen Druckbereichen (maximale Intrusionstiefe ca. 3000 m) eine Kristall-Fraktionierung durchgemacht, wahrend der es hauptsächlich zurin situ-Kristallisation von Plagioklas, Pyroxen, Magnetit und Olivin kam. Dies führte zur Bildung von Verwachsungen aus Quarz und Alkalifeldspat. Massenbilanz-Berechnungen zeigen, daß die Differentiation im wesentlichen in einem “geschlossenen” System stattfand, und bestätigen die petrographischen Beobachtungen, nach denen Ca-reicher Pyroxen als Liquidus-Phase eine bestimmende Rolle spielte. Die chemische Pauschalzusammensetzung der. Sills untermauert die Annahme einer Trennung des Paranà-Magmatismus in eine nördliche und eine südliche Zone, welche jeweils durch hohe bzw, niedrige TiO2-Gehalte gekennzeichnet sind.
    Notes: Summary Basalt sills (up to 200 metres thick) of tholeiitic and transitional chemistry are widespread in the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Paranà basin. They closely correspond in composition to the overlying Lower Cretaceous flood basalts, and are systematically characterized by pigeonite. All sills underwent low-pressure evolurionary processes (ca. 1 kb; max. depth of intrusion about 3000 metres), essentially throughin situ crystallization of plagioclase, pyroxene, magnetite, and olivine, leading to the formation of quartz-alkali feldspar intergrowths. Mass-balance calculations indicate that differentiation proceded essentially under “closed” system conditions and imply a major role of Ca-rich pyroxene (“liquidus” phase) consistent with petrographic data. Bulk rock compositions of the sills distinguish the Paranà Lower Cretaceous magmatism into northern and southern regions characterized by high- and low-TiO2 contents, respectively.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die geochemischen Charakteristika von frühkretazischen Karbonatitproben aus Ostparaguay (Rio Alpa, Amambay und Zentrale Provinzen) wurden untersucht. Die Daten belegen, daß alle Vorkommen eine isotopische Anreicherungssignatur zeigen und daß ihnen eine entsprechende Krustensignatur fehlt. Ein Petrologisches Modell (Ausgangsschmelze, fraktionierte Kristallisation, hydrothermale Interaktion und Verwitterung) wird auf Grund der Verteilung der inkompatiblen Spurenelemente, der stabilen (C-O) und radiogenen (Sr-Nd) Isotope vorgeschlagen. Es versucht die Bedeutung der Karbonatitkomplexe als „Markerhorizonte” des metasomatischen subkontinentalen Mantels zu überprüfen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Karbonatite und die primären Karbonate in Ostparaguay, und jene aus dem Paraná Becken SüdostBrasiliens durch zeitlich und zusammensetzungsmäßig unterschiedliche metasomatische Prozesse erfaßt wurden.
    Notes: Summary Geochemical characteristics were systematically determined for Early Cretaceous samples of carbonatitic rocks from Eastern Paraguay (Rio Apa, Amambay and Central Provinces). The data show that all the occurrences have an enriched isotopic signature and that the carbonatites have negligible or absent crustal signature. A petrogenetic model (parent liquids, fractional crystallization, hydrothermal interactions and weathering) is proposed as a function of incompatible trace element, stable (O-C) and radiogenic (Sr-Nd) isotope variations with the aim to test the significance of carbonatitic complexes as a marker of the metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle. The results indicate that the carbonatites and primary carbonates from eastern Paraguay, and those from the north eastern Paraná Basin (SE Brazil), were affected by metasomatic events distinct in time and composition.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The crystallochemical variations of clinopyroxene in response to changes in fO 2 and melt composition have been determined for a basalt-pantellerite suite (Boseti Complex, Main Ethiopian Rift) by crystal structure refinement and microprobe analysis. The pyroxene evolutionary trend has both a “Ca-minimum” and late iron enrichment. During crystallization from basalts to trachytes, clinopyroxene geometry depends mainly on the relationships between T and M2 sites; for example, high SiO2 activity in the magma causes high Si occupancy in T site, which in turn requires low Ca occupancy in M2 site in order to fulfill the local charge balance requirements. In contrast, clinopyroxene crystallized from acid melts is characterized by high Fe2+ (M1) content and therefore by a very large M1 site. Longer 〈M1-O1〉 and M1-O2 bond lengths require shorter T-O1 and T-O2 bond lengths and high Si occupancy in T site. It is concluded that the “Ca-minimum” in the clinopyroxene structure is regarded as the lowest value at which the charge balance requirements are satisfied in a C2/c clinopyroxene structure.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 92 (1986), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A crystal chemical investigation of clinopyroxenes from a suite of nepheline-bearing lavas located in the Nyambeni Range of Kenya has delineated the polyhedral site configurations and related intracrystalline relationships. These are distinct from those determined for the clinopyroxene in an analogous suite of leucite-bearing lavas from the Sabatini volcanoes in the Roman Region of Italy (Dal Negro et al. 1985). The Nyambeni clinopyroxene, varying from salite to hedenbergite, preferentially accepts Na in the M2 site to balance increasing Fe2+ and Si, respectively, whereas the Sabatini clinopyroxene is confined within the salite field and preferentially accepts Aliv to balance the effect of increasing (Fe3++Ti4++Alvi+Cr3+)M1. The Fe2+/Fe3+ and K/Na ratios of the host rocks emerge as significant factors in determining the different polyhedral configurations and evolutions of the clinopyroxene from the two lava suites, respectively. The resulting Mg-Fe2+ order-disorder relationships in M1–M2 are also distinct in the two clinopyroxenes. A high degree of MgFe2+ order in M1–M2 corresponds to the largest configurational, hence energetic, difference between M1 and M2 in the Nyambeni clinopyroxene, whereas the converse applies to the Sabatini clinopyroxene. In view of the significant crystal chemical differences and distinct evolution trends, it is proposed that salites from alkali volcanic rocks may be referred to as Nyambeni-type or Sabatini-type, respectively.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A detailed crystal chemical study of coexisting olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel from selected Victorian (Australia) lherzolite suites was carried out by means of single crystal x-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis to obtain actual site occupancies. The aim of this study was primarily to characterise the intracrystalline configurations and related cation ordering on sites in major mantle constituents. The results demonstrate that cation ordering on sites is subject to distinctive crystallographic controls which depend on the petrological evolution of the suite. Mg-Fe2+ ordering in M1–M2 pyroxene sites depends on variations of the smaller cations, mainly Alvi, Ti4+, Fe3+, and related configurations of M 1. Pressuresensitive Alvi is crucial to Fe2+, the more ordered clinopyroxene showing high Alvi configurations which tend to exclude the larger bivalent cations and yield small polyhedral volumes for M 1, M 2, T sites and the unit cell. Conversely, the coexisting orthopyroxene, characterised by lower Alvi configuration and higher M 1 and unit cell volumes, is relatively more disordered. Olivine is consistent with the coexisting clinopyroxene, the more disordered crystals coexisting with more disordered clinopyroxene, while Al-Mg order in the coexisting spinel shows the reverse relationship. Estimated temperatures of apparent equilibration based on current geothermometers are not considered realistic. Assumptions of ideal cation mixing on sites in pyroxene and spinel are not supported.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The major, trace (including rare earth) element abundances, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions, have been analysed for andesitic basalt and andesitic sills and lavas of the Jurassic Ferrar Magmatic Province, Prince Albert Mountains, Antarctica. The typical “crustal signature” of the Ferrar magmatism, characterized by relatively high SiO2, LREE and LILE contents in these samples, is associated with high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd. Systematic correlations of major and trace elements indicate that fractional crystallization was important. However, increases in incompatible elements are positively correlated with initial 87Sr/86Sr, suggestive of crustal assimilation processes. The observed correlations between initial 87Sr/86Sr and LREE enrichments have been modelled by an AFC process, starting from the least evolved sample and assuming the compositions of the orthogranulites of Victoria Land as contaminants. The REE patterns of the least evolved Ferrar rocks approach those of E-type MORB, differing only by higher LREE/IREE. The enrichment in LREE, accompanying high initial 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb and low 143Nd/144Nd compared with E-type MORB, can be explained by interaction of “primary Ferrar basalt” with crystalline basement. We propose a petrological model whereby Ferrar magmas were generated through high degrees of melting of an E-type MORB mantle source, and subsequently these “primary” melts underwent AFC processes inheriting a crustal signature. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions required by the AFC model for the primary Ferrar basalt are similar to those of the Dupal signature of the oceanic basalts of the Southern Hemisphere (Hart 1984). Transantarctic Mountains would have been located inside the Dupal anomaly in pre-Gondwana dispersion times.
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