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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 38 (1988), S. 263-276 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage von Gesteins- und Mineralchemie der paläozoischen Vulkanite der Karnischen Alpen können zwei magmatische Hauptgruppen unterschieden werden: die Hoch-Ti Vulkanite (HTV) und die Nieder-Ti Vulkanite (LTV). Der Prozess der Spilitisation vermochte die ursprünglichen magmatischen Charakteristika nicht zu überdecken. Die zwei Gruppen sind durch sehr verschiedene Spurenelementgehalte charakterisiert und können nicht durch einen Differentiationsprozeß verknüpft werden. Die HTV erfordern eine angereicherte „mantle source”, während die Geochemie der LTV deutlich auf Kontamination hinweist. Beide magmatische Gruppen sind aus einer „rifting” Episode hervorgegangen. Die Kontamination der LTV-Gruppe durch Assimilation von Krustengesteinen zeigt, daß das „rifting” sich in einer kontinentalen Umgebung entwickelte.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of whole-rock and mineral chemistry two main magmatic groups can be established for the Paleozoic Volcanism of the Carnian Alps. High-Ti Volcanics (HTV) and Low-Ti Volcanics (LTV). Spilitization processes have not masked the primary magmatic character. The two groups are characterized by very different trace element patterns and cannot be correlated by a fractionation process. The HTV require an enriched mantle source whereas the geochemistry of the LTV indicates strong crustal contamination. Both magmatic groups are consistent with a major rifting episode. The contamination via assimilation of crustal rocks of the LTV group implies that rifting developed in a continental area.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 39 (1988), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Klinopyroxenparagenesen aus Lherzolitheinschlüssen von Mt. Leura und Mt. Noorat (Victoria, Australien) wurden mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie und Elektronenmikrosonde untersucht (Dal Negro et al., 1984; Cundari et al., 1986). Die Lherzolitheinschlüsse zeigen generell eine Abnahme von AlIV, AlVI, Ti4+, Fe MI 2+ und eine Zunahme von Si, Mgm,, Fe3+, Cr3+ und Ca. Eine Abnahme von Na tritt nur in Klinopyroxenen von Mt. Noorat auf. Verschiedene Substitutions-Mechanismen der Kationen weisen auf verschiedene Equilibrationsdrucke im Stabilitätsbereich der Spinelle hin und sind daher in den beiden Klinopyroxenserien zu berücksichtigen. Modifikationen in der oktaedrischen M1-Position wurden vor allem dem wechselnden Anteil an dreiwertigen Kationen zugeschrieben, wobei in jeder der beiden Serien das Volumen der Ml-Position mit abnehmenden Gehalten dreiwertiger Kationen zunimmt. Die unterschiedliche Konfiguration der M1-Position der Klinopyroxene von Mt. Leura und Mt. Noorat wird mit unterschiedlichen Gehalten an AlVI und Fe MI 2+ , in Zusammenhang gebracht. Das Volumen der tetraedrischen T-Position ist normalerweise mit den Gehalten an AllIV in jeder Serie verknüpft. Ein Vergleich der Klinopyroxene von Mt. Leura und Mt. Noorat zeigte jedoch, daß bei gleichen Gehalten an AlVI das Volumen der tetraedrischen Position infolge einer Aufwertung der T-Obrg.-Bindungen zunimmt. Das Volumen der M2-Position, üblicherweise mit dem Ca-Gehalt korreliert, ist in den Klinopyroxenen von Mt. Noorat bei ähnlichen Ca (und Ca f Na) Gehalten infolge größerer M2--O3C1-Abstände größer. Sie stehen also mit den Na-Gehalten in Verbindung. Das Volumen der Elementarzelle korreliert mit dem der M1-Position in jeder Serie; es ist aber in den Klinopyroxenen von Mt. Noorat deutlich höher. Die Ergebnisse der Strukturuntersuchungen zeigen-wie auch die chemischen Daten-, daß die genannten Equilibrationsdrucke für die Klinopyroxene von Mt. Noorat niedriger waren als für die von Mt. Leura.
    Notes: Summary The clinopyroxene suites from lherzolite nodules from Mts. Leura and Noorat (Victoria, Australia) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalyses (Dal Negro et al., 1984; Cundari et al., 1986). The evolution of the host nodule is shown by general depletion of AlIv, AVI, Ti4+, Fe2+ and enrichment of Si, Mgm,, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ca, while Na depletion occurs only in the clinopyroxenes from Mt. Noorat. Different mechanisms of cation substitution are thus involved in the two clinopyroxene suites, suggesting different total pressures of equilibration in the stability field of spinel. Modifications involving the M1 octahedron are mainly ascribed to variable amounts of trivalent cations, the volume of the M 1 site increasing with decreasing content of trivalent cations in each suite. The differences in M 1 site configuration between the Mt. Leura and Mt. Noorat clinopyroxene suites are ascribed to the different amounts of A1v1 and FeM,. The volume of the T tetrahedral site is generally related to A1Iv in each suite. An increase in T site volume from Mt. Leura to Mt. Noorat clinopyroxenes was found however, due to lengthening of the T-Obrg bond lengths, for similar AIIv contents. The volume of the M2 site, generally related to Ca content, was generally higher in the Noorat clinopyroxenes for similar Ca (and Ca + Na) contents, due to the longer M2-O3C1 bond length, strongly related to Na content. Cell volume is linearly correlated to M 1 volume in each suite, but is definitely higher in the Noorat clinopyroxenes for similar M 1 volume. All the structural data show that the total pressure of equilibration in the Noorat clinopyroxenes was lower than that in the Leura clinopyroxenes, as suggested by chemical data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 54 (1995), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beziehungen zwischen dem “kink”-Winkel der tetraedrischen T Kette und der Besetzungskonfiguration der C2/c Pyroxene von vulkanischen Gesteinen wurde an ca. 200 Proben untersucht. Der “kink”-Winkel (KA) ist durch folgende Gleichung definiert: KA = arccos {1 −c 2/ (2d 2)}, wobei c die Kantenlänge der Einheitszelle und d die Distanz O3A1–O3A2 darstellt. In den hier studierten Pyroxenen variiert dieser Winkel zwischen 164 und 167°. Das Verhältnis zwischen c und der Distanz O3A1–O3A2 hängt von der Besetzung der M1, M2 and T Position im Gitter ab, die ihrerseits wiederum durch verschiedene Substitutions-Mechanismen kontrolliert wird. Das Verhältnisc/d variiert, sobald am Kationenaustausch Kationen verschiedener Ladung involviert sind, und ist ziemlich konstant, wenn gleichgeladene Kationen ausgetauscht werden. Dasc/d Verhältnis ist von der Menge eines Kations, das in eine entsprechende Kristallographische Position eingebaut wird, abhängig und erreicht ein Maximum in synthetischen und natürlich vorkommenden Pyroxenendgliedern.
    Notes: Summary The relationships between kinking of the T tetrahedral chain and the site configuration of C2/c pyroxenes from volcanic rocks were investigated, and about two hundred samples were examinated. Kink angle (KA) is defined by the equation KA = arccos [1-c 2/(2d 2)], in which c is the cell edge andd the O3A1–O3A2 distance; in the pyroxenes studied here, it varies from about 164° to about 167°. The ratio betweenc cell edge and O3A1–O3A2 distance depends on the various M1, M2 and T site configurations which, in turn, are related to their different mechanisms of cation substitution. Thec/d ratio varies if isomorphic substitutions involve cations with different charge, while it is quite constant if the substitutions involve cations with the same net charge. Thec/d ratio variation is related to the amount of cation substitution in each crystallographic site, and reaches its maximum range in synthetic and natural end-member pyroxenes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 160-165 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ca-reiche Pyroxene von basischen und sauren Gesteinen der Cameroon Volcanic Line (Westafrika): Kristallchemie und petrologische Beziehungen C2/c Pyroxenphänokristalle aus basischen Gesteinen (Basanit–Trachyphonolith-Suite und Alkalibasalte) und differenzierte CIPW Ne- und Q-normative Trachyte und Rhyolithe, die im kontinentalen Sektor der Cameroon Volcanic Line auftreten, wurden mittels Einkristall-Röntgendiffraktion, ergänzt durch Elektronenmikrosonden-Analyse, untersucht. Diese Technik ermöglicht genaue Angaben zur Besetzung der Gitterpositionen und der geometrischen Variationen. Der untersuchte Klinopyroxen ist die einzige kristallisierende Ca-reiche Liquidusphase, sowohl in den basischen als auch in den differenzierten Vulkaniten. Klinopyroxene aus alkalischen Gesteinen sind durch große VT, als Folge von niedrigem Si(T) und von Si-AlVI Substitution, charakterisiert, was wiederum hohe R3+(AlVI + Fe3+ + Cr3+ + Ti4+) in der M1 Position erforderlich macht. Klinopyroxene aus differenzierten sauren Vulkaniten haben ein großes VM1. Dies steht mit hohen Fe2+ (M1) Gehalten in Beziehung, da Klinopyroxen aus MgO-armen (〈 0.5 Gew.%) Schmelzen bei relativ niedrigem fO2 (QFM Buffer) auskristallisierte. Die hohen Fe2+-Gehalte in M1 verursachen eine Verlängerung der 〈M1-O〉 Abstände, was wiederum eine Verkürzung der T-O1 und T-O2 Abstände (i.e. hohes Si) erforderlich macht, ungeachtet der magmatischen Affinität des Klinopyroxens in SiO2-untersättigten oder -übersättigten Bedingungen. Daher haben Klinopyroxene aus sauren Gesteinen ähnliche (Ca + Na)- Gehalte wie jene aus basischen; aber ihr 〈M2-O3〉 ist, als Folge der 〈T-O3〉 Verkürzung, relativ länger. Daraus folgt, daß Klinopyroxene, die aus silikatischen Schmelzen auskristallisieren eine relativ große Zunahme in VM2 zeigen, die aber nicht mit einer Zunahme von (Ca + Na) in Beziehung steht. Die β-ΔM2 (Verzerrungsparameter) Beziehung zeigt, daß die basischen Magmen, die Stammagmen der Q-normativen Gesteine, leicht bis mäßig alkalische Basalte waren und nicht SiO2-untersättigte oder -übersättigte. Jene der Trachyphonolithe und Ne-Trachyte waren deutlicher SiO2-untersättigt (z.B. die basanitischen Magmen). Die Beziehungen von Vcell-VM1 bestätigen, daß die Klinopyroxenphänokristalle in der Kruste bei relativ niedrigen Drucken (ca. 1–5 kbar) kristallisierten.
    Notes: Summary C2/c pyroxene (Cpx) phenocrysts from basic rocks (basanite-trachyphonolite suite and alkali basalts) and differentiated CIPW Ne- and Q-normative trachytes and rhyolites occurring in the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction combined with electron probe microanalysis. This technique provides accurate data on site occupancy and geometric variations. The investigated Cpx is the only liquidus Ca-rich crystallizing phase from both basic and differentiated volcanics. Cpx from basic alkaline rocks are characterized by large VT owing to their low Si(T), which requires high R3+ (AlVI + Fe3+ + Cr3+ + Ti4+) in M1 site, due to Si-AlIV substitution. High Ca content allows the appropriate netcharge for the overbonded O3 oxygens. Cpx from differentiated silicic volcanics have large VM1 related to high Fe2+ (M1), since Cpx crystallized from MgO-poor (〈 0.5 wt%) melts at relatively low fO2 (QFM buffer). The high Fe2+ (M1) causes lengthening of 〈M1-O〉, which requires shortening of T-O1 and T-O2 (i.e. high Si), irrespective of the magmatic affinity of the Cpx in SiO2-undersaturated or oversaturated conditions. Therefore, Cpx from silicic rocks have similar (Ca + Na) contents to those formed from basic rocks, but their 〈M2-O3〉 is relatively longer, owing to the shortening of 〈T-O3〉. It follows that Cpx crystallizing from silicic melts show a relatively large VM2 increase, which is not related to an increase in (Ca + Na). The β-ΔM2 (distortion parameter) relationship of Cpx indicates that the basic magmas parental to Q-normative rocks were slightly to moderately alkaline basalts and not SiO2-undersaturated or oversaturated, while those from trachyphonolite and Ne-trachyte were distinctly more SiO2-undersaturated (e.g. basanitic magmas). Vcell–VM1 relationships confirmed that the investigated Cpx phenocrysts crystallized in the crust at relatively low pressure (ca. 1–5 kbar).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 34 (1985), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung bestätigen die Abhängigkeit der geometrischen Parameter der Olivine vom Verhältnis Mg/(Fe+Mn). Die Volumina M1 und M2 nehmen linear, jedoch jeweils verschieden, mit zunehmenden Forsterit (Fo)-Gehalt ab. Der Unterschied zwischen den Volumina der oktaedrischen Plätze nimmt graduell vonFo 92% bisFo 50% ab und bleibt dann bis zuFo 0.2% konstant. Fe(M1)/Fe(M2)-Verhältnisse zeigen, daß Fe2+ vorzugsweise M1 Plätze in fayalitreichen Olivinen (Fa=39% bis 92%; durchschnittliches Fe(M1)/Fe(M2)=1,04±0,02) besetzen. In Mg-Olivinen (Fo=80% bis 92%) hingegen dürfte eine Mg-M1 Präferenz vorliegen (durchschnittliches Mg(M1)/Mg(M2)=0,96±0,05). Mn(M1)/Mn(M2)-Verhältnisse weisen nicht auf eine definitite Mn-Präferenz für M2 in den untersuchten Olivinen hin (MnO=0,44–4,5 wt.%; durchschnittliches Mn(M1)/Mn(M2)-Verhältnis=0,99±0,13). Der Calcium-Gehalt (Maximum, CaO=0,66 wt.%) beeinflußt die geometrischen Parameter der Olivine nicht.
    Notes: Summary The results of the present paper confirm the overall dependence of the geometric parameters of olivines on the Mg/(Fe+Mn) ratio. M1 and M2 volumes linearly decrease with increasing forsterite (Fo) content but at different rates. The difference between the volumes of the octahedral sites decreases gradually fromFo 92% toFo 50% and then remains virtually constant down toFo 0.2%. Fe(M1)/Fe(M2) ratios indicate that Fe2+ prefers the M1 site in fayalite (Fa)-rich olivines (Fa=39% to 92%; average Fe(M1)/Fe(M2)=1.04±0.02). Instead, in Mg-olivines (Fo=80% to 92%) a Mg-M1 preference (average Mg(M1)/Mg(M2)=0.96±0.05) may exist. Finally, Mn(M1)/Mn(M2) ratios do not indicate a definite Mn preference for M2 in the studied olivines (MnO=0.44% to 4.5 wt.%; average Mn(M1)/Mn(M2)=0.99±0.13). No relevant influence on geometric parameters was observed between Ca-free and Cabearing (maximum CaO=0.66 wt.%) olivines.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A detailed crystal chemical study of coexisting olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel from selected Victorian (Australia) lherzolite suites was carried out by means of single crystal x-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis to obtain actual site occupancies. The aim of this study was primarily to characterise the intracrystalline configurations and related cation ordering on sites in major mantle constituents. The results demonstrate that cation ordering on sites is subject to distinctive crystallographic controls which depend on the petrological evolution of the suite. Mg-Fe2+ ordering in M1–M2 pyroxene sites depends on variations of the smaller cations, mainly Alvi, Ti4+, Fe3+, and related configurations of M 1. Pressuresensitive Alvi is crucial to Fe2+, the more ordered clinopyroxene showing high Alvi configurations which tend to exclude the larger bivalent cations and yield small polyhedral volumes for M 1, M 2, T sites and the unit cell. Conversely, the coexisting orthopyroxene, characterised by lower Alvi configuration and higher M 1 and unit cell volumes, is relatively more disordered. Olivine is consistent with the coexisting clinopyroxene, the more disordered crystals coexisting with more disordered clinopyroxene, while Al-Mg order in the coexisting spinel shows the reverse relationship. Estimated temperatures of apparent equilibration based on current geothermometers are not considered realistic. Assumptions of ideal cation mixing on sites in pyroxene and spinel are not supported.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 101 (1989), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A series of clinopyroxenes (Cpx) in peridotitic spinel nodules from Rio Grande do Norte, North-Eastern Brazil, was investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analyses and compared with an analogous series from spinel peridotite nodules from Mt. Leura, Victoria, Australia. The examined Cpx series is mainly characterized by increasing Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) ratio (i.e. increase of refractory character of the host nodules), by the substitutions of Alvi vs Mg in the M1 site and Na vs (Ca+Mg) in the M2 site, whereas Aliv in the T site remains substantially constant. The strong Na depletion in the Brazilian Cpx causes a different charge balance from that in the Australian Cpx, in which Na remains quite constant. This feature, associated with the differences in polyhedral and cell volumes which are significantly higher in the Brazilian Cpx than in those of the Australian Cpx, suggests that the Brazilian Cpx crystal chemistry may be related to a lower pressure regime, compared with that of the Australian Cpx series.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 37 (1975), S. 335-364 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative re-formulation of Hoyle's theory on the formation of the solar system is attempted, according to a three-dimensional scheme based on the assumption that the original magnetic field of the star is a dipole field. This allows us to obtain analytic expressions for the main paraeters describing the different phases of the process. The protostar is assumed to evolve in gravitational contraction along the Hayashi track, along which, for a given value of the radiusR 0 depending on the total angular momentum, matter begins to be shed at the equator as a consequence of centrifugal instability. However, owing to the geometry of the dipole field and to Hoyle's assumption that, for a star with a convective envelope, the sign of the inward magnetic pressure determines whether the magnetic lines do wind up or not, it turns out that the magnetic coupling between the star and the disk formed at the equator starts only when the radius of the contracting star has reached the value ofR s=4/5R 0; and that the shedding of matter stops for a radius valueR d, depending on the strength of the magnetic field. One is thus able to calculate the total quantity of matter emitted at the solar equator and the distance reached by the rings thus formed as functions of the radius of the star, of the initial values of the magnetic field, of the total angular momentum and of the structural factors of the star. The quantitative results are discussed in order to see whether it is possible to deduce the main characteristics of the disk, from which the solar system should have originated, for reasonable values of these main parameters.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 50 (1977), S. 253-279 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Brosche (1970) has proposed a theory in which the energy loss due to collisions among gas clouds contained in a galaxy constitutes the driving mechanism for its evolution, through virial equilibrium states which, from an initial spherical shape, makes it to contract towards an elongated form; moreover, the value of the total angular momentum, assumed as given by uniform rotation, is assumed to determine the galaxy type on the Hubble sequence and to strongly influence the contraction time from the initial spherical to the final flat configuration. We have modified Brosche's scheme by assuming as models the rotating polytropes of Chandrasekhar and Lebovitz with variable density from centre to border. As a consequence of this change, centrifugal shedding of matter is attained at the equator of the contracting ellipsoid for a configuration with an axial ratio different from zero, so that, hereafter, a flat disk is formed surrounding the internal bulge, with a decreasing overall eccentricity; the rotation curve assumes then an aspect qualitatively similar to the one observed for spiral galaxies. We have further considered the feedback of star formation which, by exhausting the material of the gas clouds, is able to stop the driving mechanism of evolution before the final flat stage is attained at several positions according to the value of the angular momentum. Numerical calculations seem to indicate that one can obtain in this way, by varying the angular momentum and the initial number of clouds, different galaxy types (elliptical, lenticular, spiral) resembling those of the Hubble sequence.
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