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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 38 (1966), S. 434-438 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Proteoglycan ; Electrolyte ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des protéoglycanes sur la croissance de minéraux d'ensemencement dans un milieu synthétique est étudié sous l'angle de la régulation de l'ossification enchondrale. Les protéoglycanes sont isolés à partir ducartilage nasal bovin à l'aide de trois méthodes publiées. A l'aide de chacune de ces méthodes, deux fractions sont isolées qui se distinguent par la présence ou l'absence de composés qui se sédimentent rapidement par ultracentrifugation analytique. Chaque fraction est étudiée en fonction de sa possibilité d'inhiber la croissance minérale dans un milieu tamponné synthétiquein vitro. A des concentrations de protéoglycanes qui se retrouvent dans le liquide interstitielle de la métaphyse de rats de 6 à 7 semaines, les fractions contenant des composés qui se sédimentent rapidement, inhibent la croissance minérale; alors que les fractions contenant des composés, qui sédimentent lentement, ainsi qu'une glycoprotéine (protéine de liaison) n'ont pas d'activité d'inhibition dans ces systèmes. La comparaison de la capacité de fixation du calcium de certaines fonctions de protéoglycanes ainsi que leur effet sur la diminution de l'activité calcique dans des conditions de dialyse équilibrées ne montrent aucune différence sur le comportement des fractions de protéoglycanes comportant des produits sédimentant rapidement ou lentement. Un degré plus élevé de protection des minéraux naissants, fournie par les portions protéiques adjacentes de protéoglycanes agrégés, pourrait être responsable de l'action d'inhibition de croissance minéralein vitro de protéoglycanes sédimentant rapidement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Proteoglykanen auf das Wachstum von Impfkristallen in synthetischer Lymphe wurde, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Regulation von endochondraler Verkalkung, studiert. Die Proteoglykane wurden nach drei publizierten Methoden aus dem Nasenknorpel des Rindes isoliert. Bei jeder Methode wurden zwei Fraktionen abgetrennt, welche sich bei der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation in bezug auf An- oder Abwesenheit von schnellsedimentierenden Komponenten unterschieden. Jede Fraktion wurde darauf geprüft, ob siein vitro das Mineralwachstum in einer gepufferten synthetischen Lymphe zu hemmen vermochte. Bei Proteoglykan-Konzentrationen, wie sie in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit endochondraler Platten von 6 bis 7 Wochen alten Ratten vermutet werden, hatten diejenigen Fraktionen, welche schnell-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten, eine Hemmwirkung auf das Mineralwachstum; Fraktionen mit langsam-sedimentierenden Komponenten und mit einem Glycoprotein („link protein”) hingegen zeigten in diesen Systemen keine Hemmwirkung. Der Vergleich der Calcium-bindenden Fähigkeit bestimmter Proteoglykan-Fraktionen sowie deren vereinte Wirkung auf die Herabsetzung der Calcium-Aktivität unter Bedingungen der Gleichgewichtsdialyse zeigte keine Unterschiede im Verhalten von Proteoglykan-Fraktionen, die reich an schnell-sedimentierenden Komponenten waren im Gegensatz zu Fraktionen, welche ausschließlich langsam-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten. Die Hemmwirkung von schnell-sedimentierenden Proteoglykanen auf das Mineralwachstumin vitro wird mit folgender Hypothese erklärt: Die Mineralkeime werden in zunehmendem Maße durch angrenzende Proteinkerne angehäufter Proteoglykane geschützt.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of proteoglycans on growth of seeding minerals in synthetic lymph was studied with special reference to regulation of endochondral calcification. Proteoglycans were isolated from bovine nasal cartilage by three published methods. By each method two fractions were separated which differed in respect to presence or absence of fast-sedimenting components on analytical ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was tested for its capacity to inhibit mineral growth in a buffered synthetic lymphin vitro. At concentrations of proteoglycans estimated to occur in the interstitial fluid of endochondral plates from 6- to 7-week-old rats, the fractions containing fast-sedimenting components were inhibitory to mineral growth; whereas fractions containing the slow-sedimenting components and a glycoprotein (link protein) had no inhibitory activity demonstrable in these systems. Comparison of calcium-binding capacity of certain proteoglycan fractions as well as their computed effect upon reduction of calcium activity under conditions of equilibrium dialysis revealed no differences in the behavior of a proteoglycan fraction rich in fast—as opposed to fractions composed entirely of slow-sedimenting components. An increased degree of shielding of mineral embryos provided by adjacent protein cores of aggregated proteoglycans is hypothesized to explain the inhibitory action of fast-sedimenting proteoglycans on mineral growthin vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 220-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bicarbonate ; Alkalosis ; Calcification ; Cartilage ; Carbonic anhydrase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le mécanisme de l'élévation du (HCO 3 − ) dans les liquides extracellulaires du cartilage (Cfl) a été étudié au niveau, de métaphyses tibiales de Rat. Au cours d'étudesin vitro, les courbes pH- $$P_{CO_2 } $$ dans une lymphe synthétique ne sont pas modifiées de façon nette par des protéines-polysaccharides ou par une protéine cationique. (HCO 3 − ) de Cfl, aspiré à partir de pièces métaphysaires, incubées isolément, décroit rapidement en fonction du temps. Les résultats de ces deux expériences semblent infirmer un rôle des sécrétions cartilagineuses comme cause de gradients sang— Cfl (HCO 3 − ) in vivo. L'acétazolamide, administré à des ratsin vivo, réduit le gradient sang —Cfl (HCO 3 − ) jusqu'à, un seuil non dosable. Cette action ne peut être attribuée à l'acidose généralisée, produite par l'acétazolamide, étant donné que les rats témoins, ayant une acidose généralisée similaire, provoquée par un traitement à NH4Cl, présentent un gradient sang —Cfl (HCO 3 − ) net. La répartition de l'activité en anhydrase carbonique dans les tissus épiphysaires et métaphysaires de rats identiques est déterminée par micro-analyse. L'activité enzymatique n'est pas détectée dans des échantillons cartilagineux, mais est retrouvée, de façon significative, dans les structures adjacentes. L'activité en anhydrase carbonique, mesurée dans les structures adjacentes, est considérée comme les lieux de sécrétion d'HCO 3 − . Le rôle éventuel des capillaires épiphysaires et métaphysaires et des cellules osseuses dans la sécrétion d'HCO 3 − , est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der mechanismus, durch welchen (HCO 3 − ) in extrazellulären Knorpelflüssigkeiten (fl) der Wachstumsplatten von Rattentibiae erhöht ist, wurde untersucht. Beiin vitro Versuchen mit einer synthetischen Lymphe waren die pH- $$P_{CO_2 } $$ Kurven weder durch Proteinpolysaccharide noch durch kationisches Protein nachweisbar verändert. In Cfl, welche aus isolierten Inkubaten von Wachstumsknorpel entnommen wurden, nahm (HCO 3 − ) in Funktion der Zeit ebenfalls rasch ab. Die Resultate beider Experimente sprechen dagegen, daß die Knorpelsekretein vivo als Ursache der Blut-Cfl (HCO 3 − )- Gradienten in Betracht kommen. Acetazolamid, das Ratten verabreicht wurde, erniedrigte den Blut-Cfl (HCO 3 − )-Gradienten auf ein nicht mehr nachweisbares Niveau. Dieser Effekt konnte nicht einer durch Acetazolamid hervorgerufenen generalisierten Acidose zugeschrieben, werden, da Kontrollratten mit einem ähnlichen Grad von generalisierter Acidose, welche von einer NH4Cl-Behandlung herrührte, einen ansehnlichen Blut-Cfl (HCO 3 − )-Gradienten aufrechterhielten. Die Verteilung der Kohlensäureanhydrase-Aktivität in epiphysären und metaphysären Geweben von gleichartigen Ratten wurde durch Mikroanalyse bestimmt. Eine enzymatische Aktivität konnte in den Knorpelproben nicht nachgewiesen werden, wurde jedoch in signifikanten Mengen in den angrenzenden Geweben gefunden. Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß die Stellen, wo diese Kohlensäureanhydrase-Aktivität in angrenzenden Geweben gemessen wurde, den Sekretionsstellen von HCO 3 − entspricht. Die mögliche Beteiligung von epiphysären und metaphysären Capillargefäßen und von Knochenzellen an, der HCO 3 − -Sekretion wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism by which (HCO 3 − ) is elevated in extracellular cartilage fluids (Cfl) of rat tibial growth plates was investigated. Inin vitro studies, the pH- $$P_{CO_2 } $$ curves in a synthetic lymph were not detectably altered by proteinpolysaccharides or by a cationic protein. Also, (HCO 3 − ) in Cfl aspirated from isolated incubates of growth cartilage decreased rapidly as a function of time. Results of both of these experiments mitigated against a role for cartilage secretions as the cause of blood-Cfl (HCO 3 − ) gradientsin vivo. Acetazolamide administered to ratsin vivo reduced the blood-Cfl (HCO 3 − ) gradient to an undetectable level. This effect could not be attributed to systemic acidosis produced by acetazolamide since control rats with a similar degree of systemic acidosis resulting from NH4Cl treatment, maintained a substantial blood-Cfl (HCO 3 − ) gradient. The distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in epiphyseal and metaphyseal tissues of similar rats was determined by microassay. Enzymatic activity was not detected in cartilage samples, but was found in significant amounts in adjacent structures. This carbonic anhydrase activity measured in adjacent structures was hypothesized to represent sites of HCO 3 − secretion. The possible involvement in HCO 3 − secretion of epiphyseal or metaphyseal capillaries and bone cells is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 67 (1970), S. 58-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that a special area of the eye of the praying mantis Stagmatoptera biocellata was implicated in estimation of catching distance, was investigated. 1.The right eye of the female mantis was painted blinding only a restricted area of the eye. A special apparatus called the double-goniometer (Fig. 2 and 3) was used to obtain a coordinate system of reference and to determine, thus, which zone of the eye had been covered. The experimental device took advantage of the conspicuous pseudopupil of Stagmatoptera biocellata. 2.A simple projection map of the right eye (frontal part) with the isopseudopupil lines (Fig. 5) is presented to illustrate the different zones that were painted and their comparative sizes (Figs. 6–9). 3.16 groups of animals with different blinded areas were used. Their hitting ability on a prey was measured in an experimental device described elsewhere (Maldonado, Levin and Barros-Pita, 1967) and compared with that of two control groups. One control group had both eyes free (the binocular group or group B) and the second control group had the whole right eye blinded (the monocular group or Group M). Animals of Group 15 (painted area is shown in Fig. 9; 15) performed as badly as the monocular mantids. Any other pattern of painting that did not include all the area of group 15, showed a number of successful strikes significantly greater than Group M. This finding proved to be true in spite that even more extense zones than those of Group 15 were blinded. 4.These results indicate that there exists an area in the female mantis eye that is, as a whole, necessary and sufficient for a fine estimation of catching distance. We call it a fovea by functional analogy with that of the eye of some vertebrates with great overlapping frontal fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 67 (1970), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To unravel possible morphological differences between the fovea and the non-fovea areas, a planar map of the praying mantis eye was built up. It consisted in a projection of the frontal part of the eye on to a flat surface preserving the area characteristics. The radii of curvature, the number of ommatidia per unit area and the ommatidium area for different zones of the eye were calculated. 1.Comparisons between the hitting ability showed by the 16 experimental groups described in the previous paper (Maldonado and Barrós-Pita, 1970) was compared to the corresponding area and to the number of ommatidia covered by paint. The correlation between these values did not significantly differ from zero. This finding confirms that, concerning distance estimation, the frontal part of the eye does not work on the basis of the mass-action principle. 2.Different zones of the fovea were compared with the enclosed non-fovea (zone B, Fig. 5). The fovea proved to have a smaller radius of curvature and a greater concentration of ommatidia (Fig. 6 and 7). These two morphological peculiarities enable the fovea of one eye, working with the complementary fovea of the other eye, to elicit a great density of triangulation. This finding support the hypothesis that a precise estimation of the catching distance is accomplished binocularly, based on some type of triangulation mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 56 (1967), S. 237-257 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A series of preliminary experiments are conducted to determine the most convenient quantity of food mantids must receive in order to ensure a long life span and a high level of striking. 2. In other series of experiments the dynamic components of the strike are analysed. Preparatory movements tend to place the animal in an optimum position for striking and probably integrate a mechanism for estimating distances. Movements during the strike itself include the sudden displacement of the predatory legs and the lunge, i.e. a sudden thrust which takes place simultaneously with the movement of the predatory legs. An especial study of this latter component is presented. Computation previous to strike has to take this lunge into account in order to hit successfully. 3. The maximum motivation distance to strike lies between 70–80% of the foreleg length. Optimum hitting is achieved at a distance that represents 30–40% of foreleg extension. The gap between these two distances, i.e. 70–80% and 30–40%, is filled by the lunge. When the lunge is prevented by immobilizing the animal, a dramatic increase in the number of misses occurs. 4. There is a relationship between the maximum motivation distance to strike and optimum distance to hit, on the one hand, and the salient anatomical features of the grasping mechanism and the length of the forelegs, on the other hand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 5 (1987), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Fracture healing ; Proteoglycan ; Fracture callus ; Endochondral ossification ; Mineralization ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The changes in proteoglycan molecules during the initial stages of fracture healing in rats were characterized. Following extraction of callus proteoglycan components with dissociative solvents, the components were purified in a cesium chloride density gradient. The recovered proteoglycans were characterized with respect to their molecular size distribution using gel filtration chromatography and a centrifugal transport methodology. During this early healing period, a decrease was observed in the relative proportion of the aggregate and in the hydrodynamic size and sedimentation coefficients of these molecules. While some molecular degradation could have occurred during the early stages of fracture healing, the dominant change of the proteoglycan molecules seemed to be disaggregation. No significant difference was observed in the proportion of aggregates reformed when exogenous hyaluronate and link glycoproteins. The molecular changes of the proteoglycan molecules seem to parallel those occurring during endochondral calcification of rat epiphyseal cartilage.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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