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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Adrenalectomy ; insulin receptor ; cortisol ; insulin effect ; glucose transport ; glucose oxidation ; lipogenesis ; antilipolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin binding and the effect of insulin on the transport of 3-O-methylglucose, lipogenesis from glucose, glucose oxidation and lipolysis was studied in fat cells of adrenalectomised rats and of a control group of sham-operated rats. The serum insulin level of the adrenalectomised rats (0.7 ng/ml) was lower than that of the controls (1.6 ng/ml). In adrenalectomised rats as compared to sham-operated rats the insulin concentrations causing half-maximal effect were reduced by 50% in lipogenesis and antilipolysis and by 30% in glucose transport. The increase in sensitivity to submaximal insulin concentrations was not observed in glucose oxidation. The maximal responsiveness was unchanged in all test systems. The increase in sensitivity in three of the four studied insulin effects may be related to the 37% increase in the binding capacity of fat cells from adrenalectomised compared with sham-operated rats. The unchanged sensitivity with respect to glucose oxidation indicates possible post-receptor modulation. When adrenalectomised rats were substituted with either insulin or cortisol serum insulin levels were elevated above normal; however, the changes in the receptor were prevented in the cortisol supplemented rats and only partially in the insulin supplemented rats. The observation suggests, that the insulin receptor is regulated not only by the serum insulin level but also by cortisol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes control ; glycosyl-albumin ; haemoglobin A1a−c ; non-enzymatic glycosylation ; diabetic ketoacidosis ; hyperglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1a−c) and serum albumin (glycosyl-albumin) have been determined in patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis and non-acidotic coma. Within one week of therapy the level of glycosyl-albumin decreased from 184 mmol 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)/mol albumin to 152 mmol HMF/mol albumin (p〈0.01) and was gradually lowered by some 40% during a period of 17 days. In contrast, the level of HbA1a−c remained unchanged. From these observations and findings in a patient with insulinoma, it appears that glycosyl-albumin provides a more acute measure of variation in relative glycaemia than HbA1a−c, and may prove useful as a measure of medium-term diabetes control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin infusion ; meal adapted insulin supply ; feedback controlled system ; algorithm ; muscular exercise ; Type 1diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A portable insulin dosing device (Siemens) was used together with a programmable pocket calculator and a glucose analyzer for short-term adaptation of continuous intravenous insulin infusion to blood glucose alterations. A special algorithm was developed which utilizes a given blood glucose value and the glucose rate of change obtained from two to four consecutive samples as input variables. In contrast to current techniques of feedback-regulation, which require continuous glucose monitoring, intermittent blood sampling allows greater mobility of patients. With the semi-automatic feedback system, euglycaemic control was obtained for 12-h periods in ten Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (maximum value 9.50 mmol/l, minimum value 2.83 mmol/l). Severe hypoglycaemia occurred in no case and additional control by glucose infusion appeared to be unnecessary. Light exercise after termination of insulin dose for standard meals led to glycaemic excursions with a rapid decrease (mean 1.08±0.09 mmol/l), followed by a rebound (0.59±0.07 mmol/l) in each patient. The amplitude of these excursions decreased with increasing distance from the peak of the meal dose. Comparison of feedback-control alone with feedback by glucose plus preprogrammed dose (4 U/h) at the onset of the test meal revealed lower post-prandial glucose levels (post-prandial maximum±SEM: 6.49±0.18 versus 7.71±0.79 mmol/l) and a lower infusion rate of insulin for the combined regimen (mean postprandial maximum±SEM: 8.4±1.2 versus 12.0±0 IU/h). The system is useful for programming of portable infusion devices and studies based on euglycaemic control in unrestrained patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Programmable infusion apparatus ; Stable and unstable diabetes ; Continuous intravenous insulin therapy ; Metabolic control ; Continuous glucose determination ; Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV ; Programmierbares Infusionsgerät ; Stabiler und instabiler Diabetes mellitus ; Kontinuierliche, gesteuerte Insulininfusion ; Stoffwechseleinstellung ; Kontinuierliche Glucosemessung ; Hyperlipoproteinämie, Typ IV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines programmierbaren Infusionsgerätes wurden zwei Gruppen von insulinpflichtigen Diabetikern über zwei bis vier Tage kontinuierlich mit Insulin eingestellt. Gleichzeitig wurde die Blutglucosekonzentration entweder laufend mit dem Autoanalyzer registriert oder intermittierend in 1–2stündigen Intervallen gemessen. Als Index für die Stoffwechseleinstellung wurde die mittlere Blutglucose (MBG) und die mittlere Amplitude der Blutzuckerausschläge (MAGE) während einer Vorperiode nach optimaler klinischer Einstellung, der Infusions-periode und einer Nachperiode, wiederum unter konventioneller Injektionstherapie, bestimmt. Bei stabilen (N=7) wie instabilen (N=10) Diabetikern kam es unter der kontinuierlichen intravenösen Therapie, gemessen an den Werten für MBG und MAGE, zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Einstellung, die in einer Reihe von Fällen einem physiologischen Schwankungsbereich entsprach. Bei der Gruppe der instabilen lag die mittlere Insulindosis bei i.v. Applikation signifikant über dem der Vor- und Nachperiode, während bei den stabilen Patienten kein Unterschied bestand; dabei wurden im Gegensatz zu den Kontrollperioden keine deutlichen hypoglykämischen Reaktionen registriert. Bei einer weiteren Diabetikerin mit Hyperlipoproteinämie Typ IV kam es während einer viertägigen intravenösen Insulintherapie zu einem Abfall der freien Fettsäuren, der Triglyceride und des Cholesterins. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß es durch die Imitation natürlicher Sekretionsprofile gelingt, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen Diabetiker besser als mit den üblichen Methoden einzustellen. Die gesteuerte intravenöse Insulinzufuhr scheint (nach Miniaturisierung) eine realisierbare Zwischenlösung auf dem Weg zu einem regulierten System, der „künstlichen B-Zelle“, darzustellen.
    Notes: Summary Two groups of insulin-dependent diabetics were controlled with the help of a pre-programmed continuous intravenous insulin infusion during 2–4 days. Blood glucose concentration was measured either continuously by the Autoanalyzer or at 1 to 2 h intervals. Mean blood glucose (MBG) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) served as indices of metabolic control during a pre-infusion period at which optimal clinical control was sought, during the infusion and a post-infusion period, again under conventional therapy. In stable (N=7) as well as unstable (N=10) diabetics continuous intravenous therapy led to a significantly better control as judged by MBG and MAGE, in a number of cases within a physiological range. In the unstable group, the mean i.v. dose was significantly higher as compared to the pre- and postinfusion period, whereas there was no change in the stable patients. In contrast to the control periods, no significant hypoglycemic reactions were observed during insulin infusion. In a diabetic with hyperlipoproteinemia type IV a fall of free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol was found during four days of intravenous insulin therapy. The results show that by imitation of physiological secretion profiles diabetics can be better controlled than by conventional methods. Controlled intravenous insulin therapy (after miniaturization) appears to be a feasible intermediary step on the way to the implantable ‘artificial B-cell’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Experimental Cell Research 84 (1974), S. 426-430 
    ISSN: 0014-4827
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects 543 (1978), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 0304-4165
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 3 (1975), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 0303-7207
    Keywords: adenylate cyclase ; cyclic AMP ; fat cells ; non-suppressible, insulin-like activity ; phosphodiesterase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 5 (1976), S. 295-302 
    ISSN: 0303-7207
    Keywords: cyclic AMP kinetics ; fat cells ; insulin ; isoproterenol ; phosphodiesterase activity ; propranolol
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-2313
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 32 (1973), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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