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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; receptor binding ; diabetes ; Sepharose-coupled insulin ; PVP-coupled insulin ; Chinese hamster ; streptozotocin-diabetes ; liver membranes ; translation of hormone-receptor in-teraction ; 3′5′-AMP in fat cells ; catecholamines ; adenylate cyclase ; phosphodiesterase ; NSILA-S ; 3′5′-GMP ; calcium ; local anaesthetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Galactosamine hepatitis ; hyperinsulinaemia ; insulin resistance ; liver plasma membranes ; insulin binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six to 12 h after IP injection of 400 mg/kg of D-galactosamine in rats a 5-fold increase in plasma insulin was observed. In addition, impaired glucose assimilation was present after an IV load in spite of unchanged fasting glucose levels. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats (100 mg/kg IV) plasma insulin remained diminished 12 h after induction of D-galactosamine hepatitis. Under identical conditions of preparation and incubation, the liver plasma membranes of D-galactosamine-treated rats, in both normal and diabetic states, bound only 40–60% as much insulin per mg of membrane protein as those of the control rats. Scatchard analysis suggested that this was due to a decrease in the number of receptor sites in the membranes of the D-galactosamine-injected rats. No difference in the insulin degrading capacity and in insulin-receptor dissociation of the plasma membranes between control and D-galactosaminetreated groups was found. These data suggest that a reduction in the number of hepatic insulin receptors in galactosamine hepatitis can lead to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Adrenalectomy ; insulin receptor ; cortisol ; insulin effect ; glucose transport ; glucose oxidation ; lipogenesis ; antilipolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin binding and the effect of insulin on the transport of 3-O-methylglucose, lipogenesis from glucose, glucose oxidation and lipolysis was studied in fat cells of adrenalectomised rats and of a control group of sham-operated rats. The serum insulin level of the adrenalectomised rats (0.7 ng/ml) was lower than that of the controls (1.6 ng/ml). In adrenalectomised rats as compared to sham-operated rats the insulin concentrations causing half-maximal effect were reduced by 50% in lipogenesis and antilipolysis and by 30% in glucose transport. The increase in sensitivity to submaximal insulin concentrations was not observed in glucose oxidation. The maximal responsiveness was unchanged in all test systems. The increase in sensitivity in three of the four studied insulin effects may be related to the 37% increase in the binding capacity of fat cells from adrenalectomised compared with sham-operated rats. The unchanged sensitivity with respect to glucose oxidation indicates possible post-receptor modulation. When adrenalectomised rats were substituted with either insulin or cortisol serum insulin levels were elevated above normal; however, the changes in the receptor were prevented in the cortisol supplemented rats and only partially in the insulin supplemented rats. The observation suggests, that the insulin receptor is regulated not only by the serum insulin level but also by cortisol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Streptozotocin diabetes ; glucagon stimulation ; adenylate cyclase dose response relationship ; stimulatory effect of guanosine triphosphate ; guanyl nucleotide-depending regulatory protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In view of controversial findings regarding the mechanism for the increased intracellular hepatic cyclic 3′:5′ adenosine monophosphate levels in diabetic rats, we studied the dose-response relationship of the adenylate cyclase to glucagon stimulation in severely diabetic and in diabetic, insulin-treated rats. An enhanced response to glucagon and an additional augmenting effect of guanosine triphosphate on hormonal stimulation of the adenylate cyclase activity were found in diabetes which were reversible with insulin treatment. The results suggest a role of the regulatory guanyl nucleotide-binding protein in diabetes leading to an increased dose response relationship of the hepatic adenylate cyclase system to glucagon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin infusion ; meal adapted insulin supply ; feedback controlled system ; algorithm ; muscular exercise ; Type 1diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A portable insulin dosing device (Siemens) was used together with a programmable pocket calculator and a glucose analyzer for short-term adaptation of continuous intravenous insulin infusion to blood glucose alterations. A special algorithm was developed which utilizes a given blood glucose value and the glucose rate of change obtained from two to four consecutive samples as input variables. In contrast to current techniques of feedback-regulation, which require continuous glucose monitoring, intermittent blood sampling allows greater mobility of patients. With the semi-automatic feedback system, euglycaemic control was obtained for 12-h periods in ten Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (maximum value 9.50 mmol/l, minimum value 2.83 mmol/l). Severe hypoglycaemia occurred in no case and additional control by glucose infusion appeared to be unnecessary. Light exercise after termination of insulin dose for standard meals led to glycaemic excursions with a rapid decrease (mean 1.08±0.09 mmol/l), followed by a rebound (0.59±0.07 mmol/l) in each patient. The amplitude of these excursions decreased with increasing distance from the peak of the meal dose. Comparison of feedback-control alone with feedback by glucose plus preprogrammed dose (4 U/h) at the onset of the test meal revealed lower post-prandial glucose levels (post-prandial maximum±SEM: 6.49±0.18 versus 7.71±0.79 mmol/l) and a lower infusion rate of insulin for the combined regimen (mean postprandial maximum±SEM: 8.4±1.2 versus 12.0±0 IU/h). The system is useful for programming of portable infusion devices and studies based on euglycaemic control in unrestrained patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. S108 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Implantable insulin pumps ; intraperitoneal insulin delivery ; metabolic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of implantable, remotecontrolled insulin pumps dates back to the early 1970's when it was recognized that conventional insulin therapy may be inadequate to control microvascular complications. For the first prototypes the intraperitoneal access route was favoured because of a physiological portal/peripheral insulin gradient. With intraperitoneal insulin delivery excellent metabolic control can be obtained with glycohaemoglobin values close to the upper normal range. Although long-term studies in insulin-dependent diabetic patients show comparable results with respect to glycaemic control and intermediary substrate levels with intensive conventional therapy, the advantage of intraperitoneal insulin delivery may lie in the low rate of hypoglycaemic episodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 12 (1976), S. 555-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Arterial ; portal ; hepatic-venous substrate concentrations ; hepatic blood flow ; intravenous lactate infusion ; hepatic gluconeogenesis ; hepatic free fatty acid uptake ; hepatic ketogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 8 subjects in whom portal vein catheters had been inserted 5–6 days previously during cholecystectomy, arterial and portal concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, free fatty acids,β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate revealed no significant differences. This provided the basis for the calculation of hepatic balances from arterio-hepatic venous substrate-differences in 17 healthy volunteers. In eight of them metabolic balances were determined during elevated hepatic lactate supply. Kinetics of the substrates throughout the whole test period in 9 controls showed no gross interference from the catheterization or infusion procedure. The elevated hepatic lactate concentration caused a doubling of hepatic glucose output, which could almost entirely be accounted for by a fivefold increase of hepatic lactate uptake. This acceleration of hepatic gluconeogenesis was accompanied by a significant increment of hepatic free fatty acid uptake, whereas hepatic ketone body production did not change. These data seem to support the view that hepatic energy requirements caused by an accelerated gluconeogenesis might be covered from enhanced free fatty acid oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Programmable infusion apparatus ; Stable and unstable diabetes ; Continuous intravenous insulin therapy ; Metabolic control ; Continuous glucose determination ; Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV ; Programmierbares Infusionsgerät ; Stabiler und instabiler Diabetes mellitus ; Kontinuierliche, gesteuerte Insulininfusion ; Stoffwechseleinstellung ; Kontinuierliche Glucosemessung ; Hyperlipoproteinämie, Typ IV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines programmierbaren Infusionsgerätes wurden zwei Gruppen von insulinpflichtigen Diabetikern über zwei bis vier Tage kontinuierlich mit Insulin eingestellt. Gleichzeitig wurde die Blutglucosekonzentration entweder laufend mit dem Autoanalyzer registriert oder intermittierend in 1–2stündigen Intervallen gemessen. Als Index für die Stoffwechseleinstellung wurde die mittlere Blutglucose (MBG) und die mittlere Amplitude der Blutzuckerausschläge (MAGE) während einer Vorperiode nach optimaler klinischer Einstellung, der Infusions-periode und einer Nachperiode, wiederum unter konventioneller Injektionstherapie, bestimmt. Bei stabilen (N=7) wie instabilen (N=10) Diabetikern kam es unter der kontinuierlichen intravenösen Therapie, gemessen an den Werten für MBG und MAGE, zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Einstellung, die in einer Reihe von Fällen einem physiologischen Schwankungsbereich entsprach. Bei der Gruppe der instabilen lag die mittlere Insulindosis bei i.v. Applikation signifikant über dem der Vor- und Nachperiode, während bei den stabilen Patienten kein Unterschied bestand; dabei wurden im Gegensatz zu den Kontrollperioden keine deutlichen hypoglykämischen Reaktionen registriert. Bei einer weiteren Diabetikerin mit Hyperlipoproteinämie Typ IV kam es während einer viertägigen intravenösen Insulintherapie zu einem Abfall der freien Fettsäuren, der Triglyceride und des Cholesterins. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß es durch die Imitation natürlicher Sekretionsprofile gelingt, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen Diabetiker besser als mit den üblichen Methoden einzustellen. Die gesteuerte intravenöse Insulinzufuhr scheint (nach Miniaturisierung) eine realisierbare Zwischenlösung auf dem Weg zu einem regulierten System, der „künstlichen B-Zelle“, darzustellen.
    Notes: Summary Two groups of insulin-dependent diabetics were controlled with the help of a pre-programmed continuous intravenous insulin infusion during 2–4 days. Blood glucose concentration was measured either continuously by the Autoanalyzer or at 1 to 2 h intervals. Mean blood glucose (MBG) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) served as indices of metabolic control during a pre-infusion period at which optimal clinical control was sought, during the infusion and a post-infusion period, again under conventional therapy. In stable (N=7) as well as unstable (N=10) diabetics continuous intravenous therapy led to a significantly better control as judged by MBG and MAGE, in a number of cases within a physiological range. In the unstable group, the mean i.v. dose was significantly higher as compared to the pre- and postinfusion period, whereas there was no change in the stable patients. In contrast to the control periods, no significant hypoglycemic reactions were observed during insulin infusion. In a diabetic with hyperlipoproteinemia type IV a fall of free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol was found during four days of intravenous insulin therapy. The results show that by imitation of physiological secretion profiles diabetics can be better controlled than by conventional methods. Controlled intravenous insulin therapy (after miniaturization) appears to be a feasible intermediary step on the way to the implantable ‘artificial B-cell’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Inhalation of133xenon ; hepatic-venous133xenon-clearance ; portal133xenon-concentrations ; Inhalation von133Xenon ; lebervenöse133Xenon-Clearance ; portale133Xenon-Konzentrationen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch kontinuierliche Messung portaler133Xenon-Konzentrationen konnte man feststellen, daß die monoexponentielle Endkomponente der nach Inhalation von133Xenon registrierten lebervenösen133Xenon-Clearance durch die Rezirkulation des Gases aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt hervorgerufen wird. Dadurch ergab sich die Möglichkeit, die gesuchte hepatische133Xenon-Clearance durch ein klassisches “peeling off”-Verfahren aus dem Teil der lebervenösen Clearancekurve zu isolieren, der nach dem Sistieren der arteriellen Rezirkulation nur noch aus der133Xenon-Clearance des Leberparenchyms und der133Xenon-Rezirkulation aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt bestand. In allen Fällen ließ sich durch dieses einfache graphische Verfahren eine monoexponentielle Komponente mit einer Zeitkonstanten darstellen, die jener der nach Injektion des Gases erhaltenen hepatischen133Xenon-Clearance ähnelte.
    Notes: Summary After the inhalation of133xenon continuous registrations of portal133xenon concentrations showed that the monoexponential terminal component of the hepatic-venous133xenon-clearance might be due to the recirculation of the gas from the gut. Accordingly, in all the cases, with the application of the wellknown “extrapolation and peeling off” of this monoexponential terminal component from this part of the hepatic-venous133xenon-clearance, not affected any more by arterial recirculation a monoexponential133xenon-clearance could be separated. The time-constant of the latter was similar to that of the well-known specific hepatic133xenon-clearance after the application of the gas by injection into the portal vein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 258 (1975), S. 154-154 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Characteristics of control and diabetic groups and the respective plasma membrane preparations (10 animals in each group) Control Diabetic Body weight (g) 36.9 ±0.3 34.8 ±0.8 Liver weight (mg) 1.45 ±0.05 1.71 ±0.04 Blood sugar (mg per 100 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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