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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 32 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Alanine aminotransferase activity in subcellular fractions of rat brains was investigated during ontogenic development. The activity rose from the prenatal period until adulthood, the highest increase being observed during the period of morphological metabolic and functional maturation of the brain. The rise of the total activity was due predominantly to a rise in the activity of the cytosblic enzyme; the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme did not change markedly during ontogeny. CI-ions and elevated temperature (55°C) inhibited the activity only of the mitochondrial enzyme. Raised temperature stimulated the activity of the cytosolic enzyme while CI-ions did not influence its activity. Our results indicate that 2 alanine aminotransferase isoenzlmes are already present in the rat brain in the prenatal period. It is assumed that the cytosolic enzyme is involved in the regulation of tissue glycol)sis and alanine formation, while the mitochondrial enzyme plays a role in the amino nitrogen transport between mitochondria and cytosol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 71 (1982), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alanine ; Alanine aminotransferase activity ; Proliferating macroglia ; Cerebral tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the nerve tissue with proliferating macroglia cells were observed a lowered oxygen consumption, an increased aerobic glycolysis and alanine formation and a higher alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity than in the control tissue in the homogenates and in the cell sap fraction. The substrate saturation curves, apparent Km and pH optimum values in the tissue with proliferating macroglia and in the control did not differ from one another. The authors assume that a higher alanine amino-transferase activity in the tissue with macroglia proliferation can reflect either a higher synthesis of the enzyme in the altered tissue, or a predominance of glial elements in the altered tissue possessing a higher alanine aminotransferase activity than the nerve cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anhäufung von Glykogen in der Großhirnrinde von Goldhamstern und Ratten wurde im Bereich peritraumatischer Astrozytenproliferation histochemisch, elektronenmikroskopisch und biochemisch untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde ergeben klare Aufschlüsse über zelluläre Lokalisation und morphologische Eigenschaften des Depotkohlenhydrates. Massen von 150–400 Å großen Partikeln lagern im Grundplasma der reaktiven Astrozyten; sie sind nach Behandlung mit Bleihydroxyd (Kontrasterhöhung) deutlich darstellbar. Die Vermehrung dieser Partikel ist bereits nach 24 Std in den perikapillären Fußstücken nachweisbar, breitet sich auf einen Großteil des Cytoplasmas einschließlich der das Neuropil durchsetzenden Fortsätze aus und erreicht nach 1–2 Wochen gewöhnlich ihren Höhepunkt. In mehrere Monate alten Glianarben finden sich filamentfreie Cytoplasmabezirke von astrozytären Faserbildnern, die zahlreiche Polysaccharidpartikel enthalten. Örtliche Beziehungen der Glykogenanhäufungen zum Mitochondrienbest and und zum endoplasmatischen Reticulum lassen sich in den reaktiv veränderten Astrozyten nicht feststellen. Auffällige eigenartige, große Lamellenkörper, in deren Zentrum häufig Glykogengranula konzentriert sind, kommen in den Frühstadien der reaktiven Veränderungen der Astrozyten vor. Diese Lamellenkörper entstehen durch Umformung von Golgizonen. Hirnrindengewebe von Ratten, das umfangreiche peritraumatische astrozytäre Reaktionen aufwies, wurde biochemisch untersucht. Nach Ablauf von 24 Std bis 30 Tagen wurden in diesem Gewebe die Glukose, das freie und gebundene Glykogen, die Milchsäure, die Laktatdehydrogenaseaktrvität, der Gesamtstickstoff und die Proteine bestimmt und mit den Werten des normalen Gewebes verglichen. Als wesentlicher Befund ist ein ansehnlicher Anstieg des gebundenen Glykogens in der alterierten Hirnrinde festzustellen. Der Gehalt an freiem Glykogen bleibt dagegen nahezu unverändert. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache der Glykogenanhäufung im Perikaryon reaktiver Astrozyten wird eine Störung der metabolischen Beziehung zwischen diesen Gliaelementen und den Nervenzellen in Betracht gezogen. Schädigung und Untergang von Neuronen sowie der nachfolgende Gewebsumbau beeinträchtigen die Funktion der Astrozyten als metabolische Bindeglieder zwischen Nervenzellen und Blutstrombahn. Bei unverminderter Glukosezufuhr wird ein unverwertbarer Teil dieser Substanz in Form von Glykogenoproteiden im Cytoplasma der Astrozyten stark vermehrt abgelagert. Für diese Deutung spricht auch der Anstieg von Laktatwerten bei unveränderter Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase in dem Gewebe, das reaktive Makrogliaformen enthält.
    Notes: Summary The accumulation of glycogen in reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of syrian hamsters and rats following a trauma was studied with the electron microscope and with histochemical and biochemical methods. The localization of carbonhydrate deposits within cellular components is achieved by electron microscopic techniques. Discrete particles in the cytoplasm of the reactive astrocytes measuring 150–400 Å show a high contrast by lead hydroxide staining. An increase in the number of these particles can be readily demonstrated after 24 hours in the pericapillary pedicles of the astrocytes. In later stages these particles seem to extend in the cytoplasm of the astrocytes and their processes. The accumulation reaches its highest point after 1 to 2 weeks. Several months later in the old scars the filament-free cytoplasmic areas of the fibrous astrocytes are abundantly loaded with polysaccharide particles. Topographic relations of glycogen accumulations to mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were not observed in the reactive astrocytes. The appearance of peculiar, large, lamellar bodies in the early reactive astrocytes is very remarkable. In the center of these bodies a concentration of glycogen granules often occurs. These lamellar bodies are produced by a transformation of Golgi-apparatus. In order to study the biochemical correlates an extensive peritraumatic astrocyte reaction was induced in the cerebral cortex of rats. In the course with a range from 24 hours to 30 days, glucose, free and bound glycogen, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase activity, total nitrogen as well as protein in the peritraumatic tissue were determined and compared with the values of the normal tissue. As a significant result a considerable increase of bound glycogen takes place in the altered cerebral cortex. On the other hand, the content of free glycogen remains almost unchanged. As a probable cause of the glycogen accumulation in the perikaryon of the reactive astrocytes, a disturbance in the metabolic interrelationship between these glial elements and neurons is taken into consideration. The alterations of neurons impairs the function of the astrocytes as metabolic connecting links between neurons and blood stream. With continued glucose supply an unutilized part of this substance is stored in the cytoplasm in the form of glycogenproteid. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the lactate values increase without changes of the lactate dehydrogenase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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