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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New type of peptide subunit in the murein of Arthrobacter strain J39 (1971)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 10 (1971), S. 3574-3578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00795a014
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Systematics of Prokaryotes (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 37 (1983), S. 143-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.001043
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 54 (2000), S. 81-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Emerging pathogens in drinking water have become increasingly important during the decade. These include newly-recognized pathogens from fecal sources such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Campylobacter spp., and rotavirus, as well as pathogens that are able to grow in water distribution systems, like Legionella spp., mycobacteria, and aeromonads. To perform a risk analysis for the pathogens in drinking water, it is necessary to understand the ecology of these organisms. The ecology of the drinking-water distribution system has to be evaluated in detail, especially the diversity and physiological properties of water bacteria. The interactions between water bacteria and (potential) pathogens in such diverse habitats as free water and biofilms are essential for the survival or growth of hygienically relevant organisms in drinking water. Results of epidemiological studies together with ecological data are the basis for effective resource protection, water treatment, and risk assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.81
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recognition of individual genes in a single bacterial cell by fluorescence in situ hybridization – RING-FISH (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes is a standard method for identification of microorganisms in environmental samples. Apart from its value as a phylogenetic marker ribosomal RNA has always been the favoured target molecule for FISH because of its abundance in all cells, whereas plasmids and DNA were regarded as unsuitable targets because of their low copy number. Here we present an improved FISH technique, which is based on polynucleotide probes. It goes beyond the detection of high copy intracellular nucleic acids such as rRNA (up to 104−105 copies per cell) and allows for the first time the in situ detection of individual genes or gene fragments on plasmids (101−103 copies per cell) and chromosomal DNA (〈10 copies per cell) in a single cell. Using E. coli as model organism we were able to detect in situ cells harbouring the antibiotic resistance gene beta lactamase on high, medium and low copy plasmids as well as the chromosomal encoded housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Furthermore, we detected the prepilin peptidase gene xpsO in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris in situ. Because of the characteristic hybridization signal obtained with this method – a halo-like, ring-shaped concentration of fluorescence in the cell periphery – we coined the term RING-FISH (recognition of individual genes) to differentiate it from conventional FISH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03834.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Bacterial Hypersensitivity in Man (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 37 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The nature and extent of bacterially induced allergies are difficult to define. Since peptidoglycan, the main component of the cell wall of almost all bacteria, has been available in a highly purified, chemically and immunologically well-defined form, investigation of the allergological significance of this cell component is feasible. Intracutaneous tests were carried out on 181 test, subjects with five different peptidoglycan (PG) preparations from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus pyogenes. The results of the investigation were compared with the result of determination of serum PG antibodies and serum IgE concentrations. It was shown that test subjects with dual and late reactions to three three different staphylococcal PGs displayed significantly higher PG antibody titers than test subjects with negative reactions. Such a relationship could not he found with the cutaneous reactions to streptococcal PG. The total serum IgE values were very much higher in test subjects with immediate reactions to staphylococcal PG than in test subjects with a negative reaction. Typical Arthus reaction or late granulomatous reactions were not observed. Humoral antibodies are involved at least in part in the elicitation of dual and late reactions. Thus, there are interesting parallels to allergy to fungal spores and organic dusts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb01907.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and in situ detection of a pathogenic Escherichia coli in biofilms of a heterotrophic water-bacterium by use of 16S- and 23S-rRNA- directed fluorescent oligonucleotide probes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 13 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The colonization of biofilms of a benzoate-degrading Gram-positive water bacterium, strain B4, by a pathogenic Escherichia coli was studied in a continuous flow reactor. E. coli added to a fixed bed reactor colonized by B4, was able to grow in the biofilms and subsequently re-enter the free water phase in high numbers. Mixed biofilms of strain B4 and E. coli were also grown on glass slides for detailed examination of the spatial order of the mixed population biofilm. Individual cells as well as microcolonies of E. coli were detected in the biofilms by hybridization with a fluorescently labeled 23S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe. The spatial distribution of E. coli could be analyzed in all layers of even thick biofilms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00063.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and in situ detection of individual bacterial cells (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 100 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbial ecology has long been hampered by the fact that most microorganisms cannot be identified in situ because of the lack of morphological diversity. The immunofluorescence approach has yielded important insights into the spatial distribution of microorganisms but has its severe limitations. The recently introduced fluorescently labelled, ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes have successfully been applied for the detection and identification in situ of individual microbial cells and evade some of the principal problems of the fluorescent antibodies. The design and synthesis of these phylogenetically nested probes does not require cultivation and isolation of the target organism and can therefore be used to monitor the population distribution and dynamics of hitherto uncultured microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb14017.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gensonden und ihre Anwendung in der Mikrobiologie (1992)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 79 (1992), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01227130
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification of staphylococci based on chemical and biochemical properties (1973)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 93 (1973), S. 65-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the present work the chemical cell wall composition and some other biochemical characteristics were studied in staphylococci with the intention of utilizing the data obtained in their classification. According to the cell wall peptidoglycans and teichoic acids, the 130 strains of staphylococci studied are divided into 10 major groups. This division of staphylococci into groups is in good agreement with their present classification only in some cases. All of the 47Staphylococcus aureus strains contain a cell wall peptidoglycan of thel-Lys-Gly5–6 type and ribitol teichoic acid. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are more heterogeneous and are divided according to their cell wall composition into 9 major groups. 21 strains of them are classified asS. epidermidis sensu stricto. They form a natural group and are distinguished by the occurrence of thel-Lys-Gly4–5,l-Ser0.5–1.8 peptidoglycan type, glycerol teichoic acid and anl-lactate dehydrogenase which is activated by fructose-1,6-diphosphate. 8 strains with peptidoglycan of thel-Lys-Gly4–5,l-Ser0.5–1.8 type and ribitol teichoic acid are labeled asS. saprophyticus. The remaining groups have not been given species names and require further extensive comparative study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666081
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peptidoglycan types of strains of the genus Peptococcus (1973)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 93 (1973), S. 245-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Determination of the primary structure of the peptidoglycan of 8 strains of Peptococcus showed that 4 different peptidoglycan types occur. P. prevotii ATCC 9321 and P. grigoroffii H40/10 contain the l-Lys-d-Glu type with glycine in position 1 of the peptide subunit. P. variabilis ATCC 14955 and H 39/5, P. activus H22/12 and P. anaerobius H/7 show the l-Lys-Gly type with glycine in position 1 of the peptide subunit. P. aerogenes ATCC 14963 contains the l-Orn-d-Glu type and P. saccharolyticus ATCC 14953 the l-Lys-Gly4, l-Ser1type. The occurrence of these different peptidoglycan types is a valuable criterion for the classification of peptococci. The following conclusions were made: P. saccharolyticus had to be excluded from Peptococcus. P. variabilis and P. anaerobius can be united within one species, whereas P. prevotii ATCC 9321 and P. aerogenes ATCC 14963 can not be included in one species as has been suggested before. P. grigoroffii H40/10 and P. activus H22/12 were wrongly classified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412024
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