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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient Hypoxia Alters Striatal Catecholamine Metabolism in Immature Brain: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 54 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Microdialysis probes were inserted bilaterally into the striatum of 7-day-old rat pups (n = 30) to examine extracellular fluid levels of dopamine, its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The dialysis samples were assayed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Baseline levels, measured after a 2-h stabilization period, were as follows: dopamine, not detected; DOPAC, 617 ± 33 fmol/min; HVA, 974 ± 42 fmol/min; and 5-HIAA, 276 ± 15 fmol/min. After a 40-min baseline sampling period, 12 animals were exposed to 8% oxygen for 120 min. Hypoxia produced marked reductions in the striatal extracellular fluid levels of both dopamine metabolites (p 〈 0.001 by analysis of variance) and a more gradual and less prominent reduction in 5-HIAA levels (p 〈 0.02 by analysis of variance), compared with controls (n = 12) sampled in room air. In the first hour after hypoxia, DOPAC and HVA levels rose quickly, whereas 5-HIAA levels remained suppressed. The magnitude of depolarization-evoked release of dopamine (elicited by infusion of potassium or veratrine through the microdialysis probes for 20 min) was evaluated in control and hypoxic animals. Depolarization-evoked dopamine efflux was considerably higher in hypoxic pups than in controls: hypoxic (n = 7), 257 ± 32 fmol/min; control (n = 12), 75 ± 14 fmol/min (p 〈 0.001 by analysis of variance). These data demonstrate that a brief exposure to moderate hypoxia markedly disrupts striatal catecholamine metabolism in the immature rodent brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01914.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Enhances Quisqualic Acid-Stimulated Phosphoinositide Turnover (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 51 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: In an experimental model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, we examined quisqualic acid (Quis)-stimulated phosphoinositide (PPI) turnover in hippocampus and striatum. To produce a unilateral forebrain lesion in 7-day-old rat pups, the right carotid artery was ligated and animals were then exposed to moderate hypoxia (8% oxygen) for 2.5 h. Pups were killed 24 h later and Quis-stimulated PPI turnover was assayed in tissue slices obtained from hippocampus and striatum, target regions for hypoxic-ischemic injury. The glutamate agonist Quis (10-4M) preferentially stimulated PPI hydrolysis in injured brain. In hippocampal slices of tissue derived from the right cerebral hemisphere, the addition of Quis stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates by more than ninefold (1,053 ± 237% of basal, mean ± SEM, n = 9). In contrast, the addition of Quis stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates by about fivefold in the contralateral hemisphere (588 ± 134%) and by about sixfold in controls (631 ± 177%, p 〈 0.005, comparison of ischemic tissue with control). In striatal tissue, the corresponding values were 801 ± 157%, 474 ± 89%, and 506 ± 115% (p 〈 0.05). In contrast, stimulation of PPI turnover elicited by the cho-linergic agonist carbamoylcholine, (10-4 or 10-2M) was unaffected by hypoxia-ischemia. The results suggest that prior exposure to hypoxia-ischemia enhances coupling of excitatory amino acid receptors to phospholipase C activity. This activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of irreversible brain injury and/or to mechanisms of recovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01046.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MORAL AND EPISTEMIC LUCK (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ratio 4 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9329
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9329.1991.tb00036.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Morality of Assassination: A Response to Gross (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Political studies 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9248
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00458.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Targeted Killing (2004)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Theoretical inquiries in law 5.2004, 1, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1565-1509
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Law
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to provide a philosophical defense for targeted killings in the wars against terror. The paper argues that if one accepts the moral legitimacy of the large-scale killing of combatants in conventional (what are soon to be called "old-fashioned")wars, one cannot object - on moral grounds - to the targeted killing of terrorists in wars against terror. If one rejects this legitimacy, one must object to all killing in war, targeted and non-targeted alike, and thus not support the view, which is criticized here, that targeted killings are particularly disturbing from a moral point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/til/default/vol5/iss1/art7
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mind the Gap: A Reply to Ripstein (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Theoretical inquiries in law 9.2007, 1, art14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1565-1509
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/til/default/vol9/iss1/art14
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new argument for genuine moral dilemmas? (1992)
    Springer
    The journal of value inquiry 26 (1992), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0492
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138924
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hard cases and moral dilemmas (1996)
    Springer
    Law and philosophy 15 (1996), S. 117-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0522
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144130
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