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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic nephropathy ; blood pressure ; familial hypertension ; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ; smoking ; proteinuria.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A progressive decline in glomerular function occurs in diabetic nephropathy. The predictive effects of progression promoters were examined in 182 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients from a baseline serum creatinine concentration of 133 μml/l. During a total of 605 person-years follow-up, 107 patients developed end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis. The rate of decline of renal function was highly variable. Urinary protein excretion was the strongest predictor correlated to the rate of decline, followed by diastolic and systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and platelet count, while the protective effects were seen in serum albumin and haematocrit. Ajustment for urinary protein excretion revealed that diastolic blood pressure, familial predisposition to hypertension, serum albumin, and smoking were independent significant predictors. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) significantly retarded the development of end-stage renal failure compared to antihypertensives other than ACE-I (mostly nifedipine), and the effect was evident particularly in patients with proteinuria below the median (2.5 g/24 h) (presumably those who responded to ACE-I). A complex effect of proteinuria in association with blood pressure elevation, familial predisposition to hypertension, hypoalbuminaemia, and smoking may play an important role in the progression of nephropathy. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 405–411]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gerbil ; Hypoperfusion ; White matter ; Ischemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An animal model of chronic brain hypoperfusion has been developed by applying coiled clips to the bilateral carotid artery of Mongorian gerbils. The brain tissue damage was neuropathologically studied after 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of hypoperfusion. The hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex of the chronically hypoperfused gerbil showed lesions with various severity which are probably due to ischemic episodes. In the cerebral white matter, however, two types of lesions were observed; one similar to those in the gray matter, and the other observed only in the white matter after more than an 8-week duration of brain hypoperfusion. The lesion specific to the white matter showed rarefaction and gliosis without locally associated ischemic changes. This type of the white matter lesion was never found in the gerbil brain before 8 weeks and, significantly, increased in number and size by 12 weeks post operation. The accumulation of the white matter lesions is characteristic in the gerbil with chronic hypoperfusion. The observed white matter-specific lesion resembles the histological changes in aged brain with cerebrovascular diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 17 (1971), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ; Juvenile Type ; Hallervorden-Spatz Disease ; Cortical Involvement ; Sparing of Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary an unusual case of generalized neuroaxonal dystrophy is presented. This variant was characterized by late onset with visual deterioration at the age of 9 years and subsequent slow but steady progression resulting in impairment of visual and motor function, spasticity and ataxia. A more rapid deterioration occurred after the age of 18 years resulting in complete blindness, cranial nerve palsies and spasticity. He died of intercurrent infection at the age of 21 years. Examination of the brain revealed widespread neuroaxonal dystrophy which severely affected all the grey matter of the cerebral hemisphere but caused minimal involvement of the cerebellum. The pigmentation of the pallidum was only slightly increased. It is felt that this case constitutes a juvenile variant of neuroaxonal dystrophy, possibly a link between infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and the adult form of Hallervorden-Spatz disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Neurofibrillary change ; Microtubule-associated protein 2 ; Ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental neurofibrillary change was produced in rabbit brains by daily subcutaneous aluminum tartrate injection for 40 days. The production of experimental neurofibrillary changes was confirmed by immunostaining with antibodies against neurofilament triplet proteins and the brain tissue was studied immunohistochemically with antibodies against microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2 and ubiquitin. The hippocampal neurons of the chronically aluminum-intoxicated rabbit brain showed diminished staining of dendrites by anti-MAP2 antibody. The length of anti-MAP2-positive dendrites in hippocampus was significantly shorter than that of the control brain. In the cortex somata of a subset of pyramidal neurons were intensively stained by anti-MAP2 antibody, while the MAP2 immunoreactivity of distal dendrites was diminished. The immunostaining by anti-ubiquitin antibody revealed the positive staining of the neurons bearing experimental neurofibrillary changes in the lower brain stem nuclei. It is speculated that MAP2 dislocation and ubiquitination are accompanying phenomena of the production of experimental neurofibrillary changes in chronically aluminum-intoxicated rabbit brains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 83 (1992), S. 260-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: S-protein ; Sulfated glycoprotein 2 ; Clusterin ; Testosterone repressed prostate message-2 ; T64
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and seminal plasma contain a small amount of SP-40,40, a modulatory protein of the human complement system. The SP-40,40 in each body fluid was different in molecular size on SDS-PAGE, and glioblastoma cells, hepatoma cells and testicular tumor cells produced SP-40,40, while neuroblastoma cells did not. Therefore, it was estimated that CSF SP-40,40 originated in glia cells, serum SP-40,40 in liver cells and seminal plasma SP-40,40 in testicular cells. SP-40,40 concentrations in CSF of the patients with Alzheimer's disease and the patients with cerebral tumor were higher than those of normal donors. β-Amyloid deposits in the brains of the patients with Alzheimer's disease were stained with an anti-SP-40,40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) but not with an anti-S-protein mAb, while cellular processes around β-amyloid were stained with an anti-S-protein mAb but not with an anti-SP-40,40 mAb. Therefore, β-amyloid contained SP-40,40 in a form different from that in the soluble membrane attack complex (SMAC, SC5b-9) of the complement, which contains S-protein as well as SP-40,40.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: α1-Adrenoceptor subtypes ; Human urethra ; Human artery ; WB-4101 ; 5-Methylurapidil ; Chlorethylclonidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Endothelin-1 ; Human ureter ; Human urinary bladder ; Sarafotoxin s6c ; Endothelin receptor subtypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Distal nephron ; Stretch-activated channel ; Nonselective cation channel ; Patch clamp study ; Cytosolic free Ca2+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To characterize the Ca2+ transport process across the apical membrane of the rabbit connecting tubule (CNT), we examined the effects of luminal pressure on parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent apical Ca2+ transport in this segment perfused in vitro. An increase of perfusion pressure (0.2 to 1.2 KPa) caused cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+].) to increase by 42 ± 11 nm in Fura-2 loaded perfused CNT. The response was accentuated when 10 nm PTH was added to the bath (101 ± 30 nm, n = 6). Addition of 0.1 mm chlorphenylthio-cAMP (CPT-cAMP) to the bath also augmented the [Ca2+]; response to pressure from 36 ± 16 to 84 ± 26 nm (n = 3). Under steady perfusion pressure at 1.2 KPa, PTH (10 nm) increased [Ca2+]; by 31 ± 7 nm (n = 5), whereas it did only slightly by 6 ± 2 nm (n = 12) at 0.2 KPa. The pressure-dependent increase of [Ca2+]; was abolished by removing luminal Ca2+ (n = 3), and was not affected by 0.1 and 10 μm nicardipine (n = 4) in the presence of 10 nm PTH. Cell-attached patch clamp studies on the apical membrane of everted CNT with pipettes filled with either 200 mm CaCl2 or 140 mm NaCl revealed channel activities with conductances of 42 ± 2 pS (n = 4) or 173 ± 7 pS (n = 5), respectively. An application of negative pressure (−4.9 KPa) to the patch pipette augmented its mean number of open channels (NP 0 ) from 0.005 ± 0.001 to 0.022 ± 0.005 in the Ca2+-filled pipette, and was further accelerated to 0.085 ± 0.014 (n = 3) by 0.1 mm CPT-cAMP. In the Na+-filled pipette, similar results were obtained (n = 3), and CPT-cAMP did not activate the stretch-activated channel in the absence of negative pressure (n = 3). These results suggest that a stretch-activated nonselective cation channel exists in the apical membrane of the CNT and that it is activated by PTH in the presence of hydrostatic pressure, allowing entry of Ca2+ transport from the apical membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Tooth pulp ; Phrenic nerve ; Electrical stimulation ; C1 spinal neuron ; Digastric electromyogram ; Somatic receptive field ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Effects of electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral tooth pulp (TP) on C1 spinal neurons were determined in 33 anesthetized rats. One hundred and seven neurons responded to TP stimulation. In 10 rats, the activity of 18 C1 spinal neurons and the amplitude of a digastric electromyogram (dEMG, n=10) increased proportionally during the TP stimulation at an intensity of 1–3 times the threshold for jaw-opening reflex (JOR). Excitatory receptive somatic fields were examined in 61 neurons. Somatic field locations of many neurons (67.2%) involved the ipsilateral face, neck, and jaw. The activity of 45 neurons was increased by both noxious pinch and brushing hair. Of the 107 C1 spinal neurons responding to TP stimulation, 55 were tested to determine the effects of electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral phrenic nerve (PN) above the heart. Twenty-eight of 55 neurons tested were excited; no change in activity was seen for the remaining 27 neurons. The activity of six neurons increased as the intensity of PN stimulation was increased. Excitatory receptive somatic fields were determined in 28 neurons, and somatic field locations of 17 neurons (60.7%) included the ipsilateral face, neck, and jaw. Both noxious pinch and brushing hair excited all 28 neurons. These results suggest that there may be the convergence of face, neck, jaw, TP, and PN afferents on the same C1 spinal neurons in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words C1 spinal neuron ; Excitatory amino acid ; NMDA ; MK-801 ; Non-NMDA ; CNQX ; Tooth pulp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To examine whether there is a difference between the effects of iontophoretically applied N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on the activity of C1 spinal neurons with input from the tooth pulp, extracellular single recordings were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The activity of 16 C1 spinal neurons and the amplitude of the digastric electromyogram increased proportionally by 1.0–3.5 times the threshold for jaw-opening reflex. After iontophoretic application (10, 30 and 50 nA, 5 min) ofNMDA receptor blocker (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate or non-NMDA receptor blocker (6-cyano- 7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione), the mean number of spikes responding to the tooth pulp stimulation at ×3.5 threshold for jaw-opening reflex was significantly decreased. Under these conditions, there were no significant differences between the amplitudes of the dEMG before and after applications of bothNMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists. These results suggest that the release of endogenous excitatory neurotransmitters is necessary for activation of C1 spinal neurons that are associated with the transmission of nociceptive information, and that bothNMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to the mechanism of excitation of tooth-pulp-evoked C1 spinal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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