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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunogenicity of highly purified bovine insulin: a comparison with conventional bovine and highly purified human insulins (1985)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 28 (1985), S. 667-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Immunogenicity ; Bovine insulin ; Lipoatrophy ; Insulin antibodies ; Human insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-six Type 1 diabetic patients previously treated for 10–20 months with twice daily conventional bovine isophane insulin (containing at least 1000 ppm proinsulin) were changed to highly purified (〈1 ppm proinsulin) bovine isophane for 6 months (Switch group). Insulin antibody levels fell significantly from a geometric mean of 14.9 to 9.1 μg/l. Thirty-two patients with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes were treated with the same highly purified bovine isophane insulin twice daily for 6 months (Starter group). Their insulin antibody levels rose from a geometric mean of 1.9 to 8.2 μg/l in contrast to values of 1.4 rising to 16.3 μg/l in an age and sex matched historical control group treated from diagnosis only with twice daily conventional bovine isophane insulin. Lipoatrophy at injection sites developed in three (9%) in the Starter group treated with highly purified bovine isophane compared to 7 (22%) of those on conventional bovine isophane. Insulin dose and diabetic control did not differ between the groups. Starterand Switch groups were subsequently treated with semi-synthetic human isophane insulin for 6 months during which insulin antibody levels fell significantly from a geometric mean of 8.5 to 4.4 μg/l (p〈0.001). We conclude that bovine insulin purified to less than 1 ppm proinsulin is significantly less immunogenic than its conventional proinsulin contaminated counterpart but even at this level of purity is still more immunogenic than human insulin of equivalent purity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291973
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1978)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 284-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421242
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1980)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 18 (1980), S. 349-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251019
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1978)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 14 (1978), S. 351-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223028
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Home blood glucose monitoring (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 16 (1979), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion Doctors find it impossible to stabilize and monitor diabetic patients in hospital without measuring blood glucose levels and it seemed logical that patients would also manage themselves better if they were able to measure blood glucose during their ordinary life. The development of glucose oxidase sticks and Reflectance meters has made this possible. Six groups have published their experience with home blood glucose monitoring in 188 patients. All have found that patients have little difficulty in obtaining blood samples and can get accurate results. When patients measure blood rather than urinary glucose they understand the disease better and become more motivated. Control has been greatly improved in the majority of patients and some can maintain normoglycaemia for long periods of time. Cheaper and more portable machines will make the method more widely applicable. Both HbA1c and home blood glucose monitoring will be increasingly used in the management of the insulin-taking diabetic since they provide complementary information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225453
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors governing the human immune response to injected insulin (1984)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 266-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; immunogenicity ; immune response genes ; haemocyanin ; HLA ; DR7 ; C2 ; C4 ; factor B ; Gm ; C-peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventy-nine patients were observed prospectively during their initial period of treatment with conventional bovine insulins. Insulin antibody levels 6 months after starting insulin therapy did not correlate with age, gender or β cell function at onset of treatment. Patients who required soluble insulin in addition to isophane insulin developed higher levels of insulin antibody. Patients bearing the HLA-B8, DR3 and C4AQO alleles had lower levels of insulin antibody, whereas those bearing DR7 produced significantly higher levels. Other alleles at the C4A, C4B, C2, factor B or Gm loci did not appear to have a significant effect on insulin antibody production. The hyporesponsiveness of B8/DR3/C4AQO-positive individuals probably reflects a non-specific abnormality of immunity whereas the enhanced responsiveness of those positive for DR7 suggests the presence of a specific immune response gene for insulin
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283648
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1988)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 715-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278760
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoregulatory responses to hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and euglycaemia in IDDM (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 689-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Blood glucose, body temperature, diabetes mellitus insulin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In healthy subjects hypoglycaemia causes a fall in body temperature through increased sweating and limb blood flow, and despite increased metabolic heat production. We studied thermoregulatory responses to hyperinsulinaemic (100 mU·m−2·min−1) (a) hypoglycaemia (2.5 mmol/l) and (b) euglycaemia (4.5 mmol/l) in insulin-dependent diabetic men of short ( 〈5 years) and long (〉15 years) diabetes duration. Plasma noradrenaline (p〈0.0001), metabolic rate (p〈0.005), heart rate (p〈0.0001) and skin blood flow (p〈0.05) increased during hypoglycaemia and euglycaemia with a greater rise in noradrenaline during the former (p〈0.05). Plasma adrenaline (p〈0.005), forearm blood flow (p〈0.05) and systolic blood pressure (p〈0.02) increased and diastolic blood pressure decreased (p〈0.005) during hypoglycaemia, with greater changes in adrenaline (p〈0.05) and diastolic blood pressure in patients of short diabetes duration. Only two patients (diabetes duration 〈2 years) sweated appropriately, while body temperature changed minimally in the two groups of patients. In summary, thermoregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia are impaired in IDDM due to attenuated sweating and adrenomedullary responses. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 689–696]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417693
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation to mild hypoglycaemia in normal subjects despite sustained increases in counter-regulatory hormones (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Counter-regulation ; hypoglycaemia ; catecholamines ; glucagon ; hypoglycaemic unawareness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In diabetes, loss of awareness of and a defective hormonal response to hypoglycaemia have been associated with long disease duration, improved glycaemic control and possibly a change in insulin species. In contrast it is assumed that normal subjects always have symptoms when their blood glucose is low. We have tested this in 7 normal subjects at 3 levels of blood glucose (4.5, 3.5 and 3.0 mmol/l) using a hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp with a euglycaemic (4.5 mmol/l) clamp as a control. After 60 min at a blood glucose of 3.5 mmol/l adrenaline and glucagon increased slightly but significantly, whereas cortisol, growth hormone and pancreatic polypeptide were unchanged. As soon as glucose was lowered to 3.0 mmol/l adrenaline increased to 1.10 nmol/l and rose further to 1.43 nmol/l after 60 min. Glucagon secretion increased similarly but other counter-regulatory hormones were significantly raised only after 60 min at 3.0 mmol/l. Awareness of hypoglycaemia (symptom score) increased after 40 min at a blood glucose of 3.0 mmol/l but after 60 min decreased to baseline levels with loss of awareness in 5 subjects. Reaction time improved in parallel with the change in symptom score. Thus, despite high levels of adrenaline, normal subjects lose awareness during sustained mild hypoglycaemia. Improved reaction time may reflect cerebral adaptation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285293
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 66-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404035
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