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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast feeding practices in relation to endometrial cancer risk, USA (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 663-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: case–control study ; endometrial neoplasms ; lactation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Breast feeding is associated with reduced estrogen, a profile that should be associated with decreased endometrial cancer incidence. We analyzed data from a population-based case–control study of Wisconsin women to evaluate the relation between lactation and endometrial cancer risk. Methods: Cases (n = 586) were identified from a statewide tumor registry; controls (n = 1653) were selected randomly from driver's license lists and Medicare beneficiary files. Breast feeding practices and other factors were ascertained by telephone interview. Results: Compared with parous women who did not breast feed, the multivariate relative risk for women who breast fed for at least 2 weeks was 0.90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–1.13]; increasing duration was not strongly associated with risk of disease (p for trend 0.4). More recent breast feeding was associated with significantly reduced risks. The relative risk for lactation within the recent three decades was 0.58 (95% CI 0.36–0.96) and for first breast feeding at age 30 or greater was 0.50 (95% CI 0.28–0.90). There was a suggestion that risk was increased in women who used lactation suppressant hormones – usually estrogens – more recently (p = 0.1) or at a later age (p = 0.1). Conclusions: This study suggests that, like breast cancer, endometrial cancer is modestly inversely associated with lactation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008978624266
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relation of breast size to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women (United States) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: anthropometry ; breast cancer ; breast size ; case-control study ; risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Breast size has been hypothesized to predict a woman's risk of breast cancer although studies in the main have not supported an association. In a large, population-based case-control study we examined whether breast size might emerge as a significant risk factor among very lean women in whom breast size might be a truer reflection of the volume of gland mass at risk for malignant change. Methods: The data derive from a population-based case- control study of women aged 50 to 79 years conducted in several New England states and Wisconsin. Incident cases of invasive breast cancer (n=2015) were identified through state tumor registries and controls (n=2556) were selected at random within age strata from population lists. Telephone interviews were conducted to obtain information on known and suspected risk factors which included bra dimensions (cup and back size) prior to a first birth, or at the age of 20 for nulliparous women. Results: We observed a significant positive association for cup size which was limited to women who were the most lean as young adults based on chest circumference. Among those reporting a chest size under 34 inches multivariate-adjusted relative risks were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.74) for cup size B, and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.04 to 3.01) for cup size C and larger, compared to a cup size smaller than B, and the trend for increasing cup size was statistically significant (P=0.005). There was no relation with breast size among women reporting an average or larger back circumference (34 inches or larger). Conclusion: Breast size before a pregnancy is a positive predictor of postmenopausal breast cancer, but this association is limited to those who were especially lean as young women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008801131831
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 533-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; body weight ; case–control study ; postmenopausal ; weight gain ; weight loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Although many studies have shown that higher weight increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, some aspects of this association are unclear. In order to examine the risk associated with different patterns of weight change, we analyzed data from a large case–control study of postmenopausal breast cancer. Methods: Participants included women aged 50–79 years (n = 5031) who are newly diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin. Similarly-aged population controls (n = 5255) were selected at random from driver's license files and Medicare beneficiary lists. Height, weight, and information on other breast cancer risk factors were ascertained by structured telephone interviews from 1992 to 1995, and logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Women in the top quintile groups for height at age 20, recent weight, and recent body mass index had significantly increased risks of breast cancer. Among women who reached their highest adult weight at younger ages (≤45 years), increasing weight loss since that age was associated with a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (OR 0.90, CI 0.84–0.98, per 5 kg). However, weight loss among women whose highest weight occurred after age 45 was not associated with risk (OR 1.00, CI 0.95–1.05, per 5 kg). Weight gain since the lowest adult weight increased risk by 8% for each 5 kg of gain (OR 1.08, CI 1.06–1.11). Temporary weight cycling (weight loss followed by weight gain) was not associated with increased risk. Conclusions: Weight gain clearly increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. These data lend further support to efforts aimed at helping women avoid weight gain as they age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008961931534
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (United States) (1996)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 525-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; oral contraceptives ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined the association between recent oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of breast cancer in data from a large population-based case-control study in the United States. Cases (n=6,751) were women less than 75 years old who had breast cancer identified from statewide tumor registries in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. Controls (n=9,311) were selected randomly from lists of licensed drivers (if aged under 65 years) and from lists of Medicare beneficiaries (if aged 65 through 74 years). Information on OC use, reproductive experiences, and family and medical history was obtained by telephone interview. After adjustment for parity, age at first delivery, and other risk factors, women who had ever used OCs were at similar risk of breast cancer as never-users (relative risk [RR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=10–1.2). Total duration of usealso was not related to risk. There was a suggestion that more recent use was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer; use less than two years ago was associated with an RR of 1.3 (CI=0.9–1.9). However, only among women aged 35 to 45 years at diagnosis was the increase in risk among recent users statistically significantly elevated (RR=2.0, CI=1.1–3.9). Use prior to the first pregnancy or among nulliparous women was not associated with increased risk. Among recent users of OCs, the risk associated with use was greatest among non-obese women, e.g., among women with body mass index (kg/m2) less than 20.4, RR=1.7, CI=1.1–2.8. While these results suggest that, in general, breast cancer risk is not increased substantially among women who have used OCs, they also are consistent with a slight increased risk among subgroups of recent users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051885
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical activity in usual occupation and risk of breast cancer (United States) (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 626-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; physical activity ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used data from a large population-based case-control study inthe United States to evaluate the effect of occupational physical activity onbreast cancer risk. Women diagnosed with breast cancer identified from fourstate cancer registries, and controls randomly selected from lists oflicensed drivers or Medicare beneficiaries, were interviewed by telephone forinformation on usual occupation and other factors. We classified usualoccupation into one of four categories of physical activity. After excludingsubjects for whom a strength rating could not be assigned, we had a finalsample size of 4,863 cases and 6,783 controls. Using conditional logisticregression models, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 percentconfidence intervals (CI) for occupations having light, medium, and heavyactivity compared with sedentary ones. Women with heavy-activity occupationshad a lower risk of breast cancer than women with sedentary jobs (OR = 0.82,CI = 0.63-1.08), as di d women with jobs with medium activity (OR = 0.86, CI= 0.77-0.97) or light activity (OR = 0.92, CI = 0.84-1.01). There was asignificant decreasing trend in the ORs from sedentary to heavy work (P =0.007). Although limited by exposure misclassification, these data areconsistent with the hypothesis that physical activity reduces the risk ofbreast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018402615206
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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