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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acyclovir, bioavailability ; Drug monitoring ; Bone marrow transplantation ; Herpes infections, prevention and control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Viral infections are one of the major complications after bone marrow transplantation, with high mortality and morbidity. Fourty-six patients between 3 and 48 years old (median 15 years) received orally 400 mg (under age 6, 200 mg) acyclovir 4 times daily from day −12 before to day 84 after BMT. All patients were isolated in laminar-airflow units for at least 23 days with total enteral decontamination. They were concomitantly treated with anti-CMV-hyperimmunoglobulin and cotrimoxazol. During acyclovir prophylaxis seven patients had herpes simplex virus infections, all of them were seropositive before BMT. Acyclovir plasma concentrations were measured by use of a new HPLC method. No acyclovir was present (detection limit 40 ng/ml) in the plasma of five out of six patients with HSV infections. Three of them had non-compliance, and a lack of acyclovir absorption developed in two patients under conditioning regimen. No drug-related side effects were observed. Laboratory tests did not show liver or renal toxicity. Take and hematologic reconstitution were unchanged. In our study, oral acyclovir reduced the incidence of herpes simplex infections after bone marrow transplantation. Herpes infections only occurred in patients with non-compliance or lack of acyclovir absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 170 (1981), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The propagation and adaptation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in human embryo kidney cells (HKC) is shown. The growth curve of HAV in the first passage through HKC is compared to the growth curve in the tenth passage through HKC. It is shown that in the course of 18 passages through HKC, HAV adapted to these cells causing the virus to grow much more rapidly. The cell-bound HAV is compared to the HAV released in the cell-culture supernatant during the ninth passage through HKC. The HAV from the tenth passage through HKC is shown to be able to replicate also in a human embryo fibroblast strain (HFS). Furthermore, adaptation of the HAV to HFS is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 172 (1984), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatitis A-virus produced in Frhk-4/R cells is used and compared with stool-derived HAV as an antigen in diagnostic test systems. It is shown that the two antigens react identically in the anti-HAV test with anti-HAV-IgG positive human sera. In the anti-HAV-IgM test, too, stool-derived HAV and cell-culture-produced HAV react very similarly. The titres of anti-HAV-IgG and anti-HAV-IgM positive sera, obtained with stool and cell-culture HAV in quantitative antibody determinations, are shown to be identical. It is shown that the problem of HAV antigen production can now be solved by propagation of HAV with Frhk-4/R cells and that this antigen is very useful in diagnostic test systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical microbiology and immunology 173 (1984), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1432-1831
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A test system for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis A-virus (anti-HAV-Nt) is presented. The anti-HAV-Nt assay is performed with Frhk-4/R cells and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) strain GBM/Frhk-4/R which has been adapted to these cells. Non-neutralized HAV is demonstrated 14 days after infection of Frhk-4/R cells using a radio-immunoassay for detecting newly grown HAV. The influence of differing amounts of HAV on the anti-HAV-Nt titre and the effect of variations in incubation time of virus-serum mixtures are described. The time course of anti-HAV-Nt is shown in sera from a hepatitis-A patient which were taken at different stages of the disease. Anti-HAV-Nt is compared with anti-HAV and anti-HAV-IgM. It is shown that anti-HAV-Nt correlates closely with anti-HAV and separated anti-HAV-IgG, but only slightly with anti-HAV-IgM. The test system presented makes possible the demonstration of neutralizing antibodies against HAV in gamma-globulin preparations and during vaccination studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 9 (1990), S. 595-600 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 317 different clinical samples obtained from patients following bone marrow transplantation and 56 blood and urine samples from seronegative control persons were screened for the presence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) using virus culture and slot-blot hybridization. Immunohistochemical techniques using monoclonal antibodies to various viral antigens and in situ hybridization techniques were also utilised for detection of CMV in tissue samples. In cell suspensions of blood, bone marrow and effusions, and in liver biopsies, CMV DNA could be demonstrated more often by slot-blot and in situ hybridization techniques than by virus culture or immunostaining of viral antigens. For detection of CMV in lung biopsies and other clinical samples containing mainly cell-free virus, such as urine, bronchial lavage and throat washings, virus culture was found to be at least as sensitive as the hybridization techniques. Immunostaining proved to be a fast and sensitive technique for detection of CMV in tissues and may thus provide additional information about viral replication and clinical relevance of the virus infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 64 (1992), S. A132 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Hepatitis A virus ; In vitro myelopoiesis ; Long-term bone marrow cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perturbations of hematopoietic regulation ranging from transient granulocytopenia to rare cases of bone marrow failure are associated with infections due to hepatitis A virus (HAV). In an attempt to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms we had previously established that HAV has a direct suppressive effect on human bone marrow progenitors (CFU-GM, -GEMM, BFU-E). These studies were extended to long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC): Inoculation of bone marrow mononuclear cells with HAV did not interfere with the establishment of an adherent stromal layer, nor did the inoculation of already established layers cause any morphologically recognizable changes to the stroma. In contrast, a significant and progressive decline of the CFU-GM content in the culture supernatants was demonstrated. HAV antigen was detected by APAAP stain in a subpopulation of stromal cells, and sequential estimations of virus titers in the supernatants provided evidence for viral replication in primary bone marrow cultures. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels of infected cultures did not differ from those of uninfected controls. These findings argue for a direct suppression of (pre-) CFU-GM by HAV in a model system (LTBMC) lacking an immune defense which would limit viral replication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Effektivität der gastrointestinalen Dekontamination sowie der Isolation in Laminar-Airflow-(LAF-)Einheiten wurde bei 20 Patienten untersucht. In wöchentlichen Abständen wurden Überwachungskulturen entnommen. Umgebungsuntersuchungen auf der Station außerhalb der LAF-Einheiten sowie in den Einheiten selbst während der Belegung durch Patienten wurden ebenfalls durchgeführt. Die Umgebungsuntersuchungen zeigten, daß der Schutz der Patienten in LAF-Einheiten von hoher Bedeutung, tatsächlich aber nicht vollständig möglich ist. Es existieren zwei Schwachpunkte der Isolierungsmaßnahmen: Die Zeltöffnung mit freiem Zugang zum Zeltinneren und das Wasserversorgungssystem. Durch geeignete Dekontaminationsmaßnahmen war es möglich, die Zahl der Bakterien und Arten der menschlichen Flora in allen Regionen mit Ausnahme des Oropharynx stark zu vermindern. Bei Patienten mit Flucloxacillin-resistenten koagulasenegativen Staphylokokken und/oderCandida albicans was während der Beobachtungszeit keine Elimination dieser Mikroorganismen möglich. Von Bedeutung war der Nachweis vonClostridium difficile und/oder Toxin B bei acht Patienten am Beginn der Überwachungsperioden. Vier von 15 Fieberperioden wurden durch endogene bakterielle Infektionen verursacht. Alle vier Erreger wurden schon während der vorangegangenen Überwachungskulturen isoliert, so daß der behandelnde Arzt eine kalkulierte antimikrobielle Therapie einsetzen konnte. Wie die niedrige Inzidenz von infektiösen Komplikationen zeigt, stellen gastrointestinale und topische Dekontaminationen der Haut sowie Umkehrisolation in LAF-Einheiten effektive Maßnahmen zum Schutz knochenmarktransplantierter Patienten dar.
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of gastrointestinal and topical decontamination, as well as isolation in laminar airflow (LAF) units were investigated in 20 patients. On a weekly basis, surveillance cultures were taken. Environmental controls were taken on the medical ward outside the two LAF units and from the LAF unit itself when being used by a patient. The use of LAF units seems to be of benefit in preventing exogenous infections, but there are two weak points in the isolation techniques: the opening of the tent (with a free entry into the tent itself) and the water delivery system. By using appropriate decontamination measures, it was possible to greatly reduce the number of bacteria and species of the normal flora in all regions with the exception of the oropharynx. Individual patients with oxacillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and/orCandida albicans continued to show the presence of these organisms during this time. The detection ofClostridium difficile and/or its toxin B in eight patients at the beginning of the individual observation period was significant. Four out of 15 fever episodes were attributable to endogenous bacterial infections. Each of the causative organisms had been previously isolated in the surveillance cultures, thus the clinician was able to initiate a calculated antimicrobial therapy. As evident from the low incidence of infectious complications, gastrointestinal and topical decontamination of the skin as well as reverse isolation in LAF units are efficient protective measures for bone marrow transplant patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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