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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyclophosphamide ; cytostatic drug ; cancer therapy ; female breast cancer ; bioavailability ; rapid release formulations ; gastric juice resistant formulation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating cytostatic compound, which is activated to its cytotoxic form in the liver [1]. Since the therapeutic range of CP in the treatment of human tumours, is small like other cytostatics, a constant high bioavailability is essential for its oral administration. Although CP has become one of the most widely used cytostatics [2], there do not appear to have been any bioavailability investigations providing the necessary information. The development of a very sensitive gas chromatographic analytical method has now permited investigation of the pharmacokinetics of oral CP in conventional clinical doses [3, 4, 5, 6].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The self-aligned in-line technique has been applied to the preparation of ultrasmall low-capacitance metallic tunnel junctions. By using e-beam lithography the area of Al/AlOx/Al contacts has so far been reduced to less than 0.005 μm2. At low temperatures high-ohmic double junctions with a small metallic island between them show the Coulomb blockade effect. The current through such a device could be modulated by a voltage applied to a gate electrode capacitively coupled to the island (single-electron transistor). Both single-charge phenomena have been observed at temperatures up to 1 K. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 96 (1980), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Activated cyclophosphamide ; Blood level ; Urinary exretion ; Aktiviertes Cyclophosphamid ; Blutspiegel ; Urinausscheidung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei krebskranken Patienten wurden während der Chemotherapie mit Cyclophosphamid Blutspiegel und Urin-Ausscheidung von Cyclophosphamid und seinen Metaboliten bestimmt. Aktiviertes Cyclophosphamid (4-Hydroxycyclophosphamid+Aldophosphamid) wurde nach Derivatisierung zum stabilen 4-(S-Benzyl)-sulfido-Cyclophosphamid nachgewiesen. 20 min nach Injektion von 10(20) mg/kg Cyclophosphamid wurden im Mittel 1,4(2,6) nmol/ml aktiviertes Cyclophosphamid gefunden. Die Aktivierungsrate von Cyclophosphamid wies beim Menschen mit einer Konstante von k m=0,132 h-1 nur 1/50 des bei der Maus gefundenen Wertes auf, während die Eliminationskonstante des aktivierten Cyclophosphamid (k e[M]∼6,78 h-1) weitaus größer war und die gleiche Größenordnung wie beim Laboratoriumstier zeigte. 4-Ketocyclophosphamid, Carboxyphosphamid und N-Lost-Phosphorsäurediamid erreichten zwischen 4 und 6 h nach Cyclophosphamid-Injektion ihre Maximalspiegel im Blut. Wachsende Antiele der metabolite werden an Plasma-Proteine gebunden und nach 24 h ein über Tage andauernder konstanter Spiegel von Protein-gebundenen Cyclophosphamid-Metaboliten erreicht, von dem die Hälfte aus reversibel gebundenen Metaboliten besteht. Die kumulative Ausscheidung von Cyclophosphamid und seinen Metaboliten betrug 50% der applizierten Dosis innerhalb 24 h. Hauptausscheidungsprodukte waren N-Lost-Phosphorsäurediamid und Carboxyphosphamid, wohingengen der Anteil aktivierten Cyclophosphamids an den Urinmetaboliten nur 2% betrug. Die Bedeutung der bei Tier und Mensch unterschiedlichen Pharmakokinetik von Cyclophosphamid für seine therapeutische Breite wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Blood levels and urinary excretion of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites were determined in cancer patients receiving cyclophosphamide. Activated cyclophosphamide (4-hydroxycyclophosphamide+aldophosphamide) was assayed by TLC after derivatisation to stable 4-(S-benzyl)-sulfido-cyclophosphamide. Twenty minutes after injection of 10(20) mg/kg cyclophosphamide mean peak levels of activated cyclophosphamide were found to be 1.4 (2.6) nmol/ml. The rate constant for biotransformation (=activation) of cyclophosphamide in man (k m=0.132 h-1) was only 1/50 of the value found in the mouse whereas the elimination rate constant of activated cyclophosphamide (k e[M]∼6.78 h-1) was much higher equalling that of laboratory animals. 4-ketocyclophosphamide, carboxyphosphamide, and phosphoramidemustard reached their peak levels between 4 and 6 h after cyclophosphamide injection. Increasing quantities of cyclophosphamide metabolites were bound to plasma proteins reaching a constant level after 24 h lasted for several days. Fifty per cent of those metabolites were reversibly bound to plasma proteins. Within 24 h, the cumulative excretion of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites amounted to 50% of the dose applied. The main metabolites excreted were phosphoramide-mustard and carboxyphosphamide whereas only 2% consited of activated cyclophosphamide. The significance of the different pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in laboratory animals and man for the therapeutic index is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 242 (1987), S. 725-726 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 101 (1995), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Keywords: 76.60.−k ; 76.60.Jx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The big indirect exchange interaction and the huge nuclear magnetic moments of the two Tl-isotopes makes Tl useful at low temperatures for non linear pulsed NMR studies of inter- and intra-spin interactions mediated by the conduction electrons. We extended earlier experiments to higher fields (0.1 T 〈 Bo 〈 1 T) on a cylindrically shaped sample of 6N purity and found the proposed spin waves trapped in the skin depth of the sample which manifest themselves in line splitting with increasing tipping angles. We also found frequency shifts in partial agreement with the expectations. However, the spin susceptibility was enhanced above the paramagnetic value at temperatures below 2 mK, whereas the line width decreased by a factor of two between 5 and 1 mK. Thus, while solving the high spin-polarization puzzle of Tl (line splitting of already merged lines) we were left with two other unexplained observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Keywords: 67.70.+n ; 67.80.Jd ; 75.10.J
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present measurements of the magnetization of pure3He films adsorbed on graphite at a density of p = 0.235 atoms/Å2, which corresponds to the 2D Heisenberg ferromagnetic regime. Different NMR frequencies (461.3kHz and 1.004 MHz) were used to study the magnetic field dependence of the nuclear magnetization. Measurements were performed on a Papyex sample to investigate the influence of the platelet size. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical models presented recently to describe these systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 101 (1995), S. 657-663 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Keywords: 76.60.-k ; 76.60.Lz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigated several AuIn2 samples of similar purity by spin-echo techniques. The temperatures and fields ranged from 0.5 to 20 mK and from 0.06 to 0.8 T, respectively. Our results are: The Knight-shift changed from sample to sample within about 5%. Spin-echoes could not be found in all samples. T2 ranged from about 40 μs in one sample, to a temperature and field independent T2 = 83 μs for another sample, to a field and temperature dependent T2 which varied for this sample from 2 ms at low B/Tn-values (∼5 T/K) to 0.3 ms at B/Tn ∼300. We have shown that the temperature of the conduction electron system is the relevant temperature in the problem, and not the nuclear spin-temperature of In. From the amplitudes of multiple spin-echo structures we conclude that demagnetizing fields are not the only origin for their occurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 157 (1926), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch vergleichende Versuche wurde außer Frage gestellt, daß die Chlorierung von Ruthenmetall durch Kohlenoxyd wesentlich gefördert wird. Die Wirkung des Kohlenoxyds beruht bei Verwendung sauerstofffreien Chlors auf Auflockerung des Metalls, bei Verwendung sauerstoffhaltigen Chlors zudem auf Unschädlichmachung des Sauerstoffs.Ruthendioxyd wird durch Überleiten von Kohlenoxyd in der Hitze zum Metall reduziert. Durch ein Gemisch von Chlor und Kohlenoxyd kmn Ruthendioxyd unmittelbar in Ruthentrichlorid übergeführt werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 61 (1928), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 0365-9631
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 60 (1927), S. 493-499 
    ISSN: 0365-9631
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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