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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is areal extent in sensory cerebral cortex determined by peripheral innervation density? (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 650-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mouse somatosensory system ; Barrel ; Mystacial vibrissae ; Sensory innervation density ; Brain evolution ; Cortical magnification factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The whisker-to-barrel pathway of mice (an important component of the animal's somatosensory system) was studied in two experiments. In one, the cortical representation of a row of whiskers was caused to be larger by lesioning a neighbouring row of follicles, while the innervation density remained unchanged. In the second experiment mice, selectively bred for particular whisker and barrel patterns, showed for their supernumerary vibrissal follicles a relatively large cortical representation. On the basis of the second experiment we formulate a possible role of the sensory periphery in brain evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237487
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mode of Activation of a Barrel Column: Response Properties of Single Units in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Mouse upon Whisker Deflection (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Response properties of single units in the mouse barrel cortex were studied to determine the sequence in which the neurons that form a cortical column become activated by a single‘natural’stimulus. Mice (n= 11) were anaesthetized with urethane. For a total of 153 cells, grouped by cortical layer, responses to a standardized deflection of a single whisker were characterized using poststimulus time and latency histograms. Usually, for each unit, data were collected for stimulation of its principal whisker (PW; the whiskers corresponding to the barrel column in which the cell was located) and of the four whiskers surrounding the PW. In all layers, PW stimulation evoked responses at shorter latency than surround whisker stimulation. In layers II – III and IV a bimodal distribution of cells according to latency to PW stimulation was found. Statistical analysis indicated the presence of two classes of cells in each of these layers:‘fast’units (latency 〈 15 ms) and 'slow’units (latency 〉15 ms). The great majority of cells in layers I, V and VI fired at latencies of 〉20 ms to PW stimulation. In general, stimulation of surround whiskers evoked a smaller response than PW stimulation. The fast cells of layer IV showed the greatest response to PW stimulation (mean = 1.78 spikes/100 ms poststimulus). Their firing was maximal during the 10–20 ms poststimulus epoch, while the slow layer IV cells fired maximally during the 20 – 30 ms poststimulus epoch. Surround inhibition occurred in all layers within the first 10 ms after stimulus onset, during which period the fast cells are the most active ones, and are thus likely to be responsible for the surround inhibition. This notion is supported by an analysis of spike duration that showed that eight of the ten cells with a thin spike (supposed to be GABAergic; McCormick et al., J. Neurophysiol., 54, 782 – 806, 1985), had PW latencies of 〈15 ms. We conclude that the activation of a barrel column is initially inhibitory in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00534.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal aging and storage characteristics of rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B powder (abstract) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3537-3537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Various magnetic products are now being produced from rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B powder. Some types of magnets included injection molded, calendered, compression molded and hot pressed. A major factor leading to this increased use is the inherent stability of the powder. This paper reviews the test results of the following studies: (a) Rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B powder stored at ambient conditions for a period of 11 months. Oxygen and nitrogen are monitored along with magnetic induction (Br). (b) Nd-Fe-B powder was tested for 6 months at 23 and 38 °C in humidity of 50% and 80%, respectively. Magnetic induction, Hci and Bd were monitored. (c) Nd-Fe-B powder was tested at elevated temperatures including 155 °C for 696 h. Magnetic induction and oxygen were monitored. The test results show the rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B powder to be exceptionally stable requiring no special handling under normal conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340735
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasticity in the barrel cortex of the adult mouse: Effects of peripheral deprivation on GAD-immunoreactivity (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 74 (1989), S. 441-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Barrel cortex ; GAD-immunoreactivity ; Adult cortical plasticity ; Somatosensory system ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The whisker-to-barrel pathway of the adult mouse was used in a study on the effects of peripheral sensory deprivation on GAD-immunoreactivity in the somatosensory cortex. At varying periods of time after removal of a set of vibrissal follicles, mice were processed for immunohistochemistry using an antibody against GAD. In sections tangential to the cortical surface we observed, in the barrels whose follicles were removed, decreased immunoreactivity as early as three days after surgery. The decrease was due to a lesser numerical density of stained puncta and to less intense staining of those remaining. GAD-positive somata were also less intensely stained, whereas their number did not seem to be changed. The changes, apparent at 3 days after the surgery, were restricted to the barrels corresponding to the removed follicles and were maximal at 2–4 weeks. At longer survival times (until 7 months) the immunoreactivity returned to normal, coincident with the regeneration of peripheral nerve fibres in the absence of their follicles. We conclude that GAD-immunoreactivity in the barrel cortex swiftly reacts to modifications of neuronal activity evoked in the periphery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247346
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 666-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249620
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the projections from barrel cortex to thalamus in mice studied with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and HRP (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 73-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Barrel ; Barreloid ; Thalamus ; Somatosensory system ; Mouse ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; HRP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to elucidate the geometric organization of projections from the barrel cortex to the thalamus, iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin were made. The injections were confined to one barrel column (i.e. barrel in layer IV + cortical tissue above and below it). Axonal terminations could be demonstrated in three thalamic nuclei: reticularis (RT), ventrobasalis (VB) and posterior (PO). Anterograde terminal labelling was obtained in RT + VB; in PO only; or in RT + VB + PO. The terminals labelled in PO were much larger than those in RT and VB. The termination areas in RT, VB and PO were shaped like rods which have a rostro-caudal orientation. These cortico-thalamic projections are discretely and topographically organized. The clearest such arrangement was found in VB. Here, projections from the A row of barrels in BF terminate dorsally, whereas those from the C row end ventrally. Barrel A1 projects to the lateral part of VB, whereas A4, to more medial parts; other rows are arranged similarly. These results were compared with the distribution of thalamo-cortical projection neurons that were labelled after iontophoretic HRP injections in individual barrels. We concluded that the corticothalamic projections originating from one barrel column contact an arc of barreloids in VB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255235
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of feedback and feedforward projections of the barrel cortex: a PHA-L study in the mouse (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 73 (1988), S. 411-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Barrel ; Mouse somatosensory system ; Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin ; Cortical efferents ; Trigeminal nuclei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to analyze the organization of the efferent projections of single barrel columns (BC, i.e. a barrel in layer IV of parietal cortex plus the cortical tissue above and below it), we made small iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the barrel cortex of 20 adult mice. On the basis of reconstructions of the sites of terminal labelling, the brain regions receiving projections from the barrel cortex could be identified and classified in five groups. Each group is characterized by the topography of the distribution of efferents arising from a single BC. The projections to the trigeminal sensory complex are point to point: i.e. one BC projects only to the site of termination of the primary sensory neurons innervating the corresponding whisker follicle. In the ventrobasal thalamic nucleus BC projections are not restricted to the corresponding barreloid; instead they contact parts of barreloids belonging to one arc. In the reticular and posterior thalamic nuclei the projections from a row of BC's converge to a collective termination site, whereas in the superior colliculus the projections from an arc of BC's converge to a common termination site. There is a complete overlap of BC projections in restricted zones within SII, motor cortex, perirhinal cortex, contralateral barrelfield, caudoputamen and pons. The organization of the efferents from the barrel cortex demonstrates a contrast between feedback and feedforward projections from this important area of neocortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248234
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasticity in the barrel cortex of the adult mouse: transient increase of GAD-immunoreactivity following sensory stimulation (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 659-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neuronal plasticity ; Whisker ; Somatosensory system ; Cerebral cortex ; GAD-regulation ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sensory experience during perinatal life and adulthood modifies physiological and anatomical characteristics of the central nervous system. So far, this phenomenon has been studied in situations of complete or partial sensory deprivation. We here report that increased sensory stimulation, during four days, of a number of whisker follicles on the face of the adult mouse results in an increased immunoreactivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (the biosynthetic enzyme of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA) in the somatosensory cortex of the adult mouse. Effects were limited to a column of tissue corresponding to the representation of the stimulated follicles and lasted two days beyond stimulation. These findings suggest that sensory stimulation transiently modifies local cortical processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230256
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of giant and small thalamic terminals of cortical origin: a study of the projections from the barrel cortex in mice using Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 159-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticothalamic projection ; Somatosensory system ; Barrel ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; leucoagglutinin ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse ; Synaptic glomerulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of tracing with the lectin Phaseolusvulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we examined in the thalamus of the mouse, the axon terminals of fibers originating in the barrel cortex. Vibratome sections of the brain were subjected to PHA-L immunocytochemistry and processed for light and electron microscopy. We observed small (0.5–0.8 μm in diameter) varicosities of labeled fibers in the nucleus ventrobasalis (VB) and the nucleus posterior (PO) as well as labeled giant terminals (3–5 μm in diameter) in PO. The analysis involved examination of serial sections and computer-aided reconstruction of several terminals. The small varicosities in VB appear to be small axon terminals forming distinct asymmetric synapses with small dendritic profiles. Some labeled terminals are apposed to, but not synaptically related with, the cell bodies of neurons in VB that are retrogradely labeled with PHA-L. The small varicosities seen with the light microscope in PO are terminals forming asymmetric synapses with dendritic shafts. The giant terminals in PO appear as large, vesicle-filled profiles forming part of synaptic glomeruli, i.e. complexes of one corticothalamic terminal engulfing several excrescences of a single dendrite. A giant terminal forms several asymmetric synapses (about 8) with these excrescences, as well as numerous (up to 15) puncta adhaerentia. The glomeruli are enveloped in glial lamellae, and they are often found at the bifurcations of primary dendritic segments. We suggest that the small terminals in VB are in the service of feedback signalling from the barrel cortex to its principal thalamic relay nucleus; the functional importance of this projection may reside in increased spatio-temporal discrimination. We interpret the giant terminals in PO as elements serving feed-forward processing, allowing the barrel cortex to influence, via PO, parts of the motor pathway modulating the animal's ongoing behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228517
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factor analysis calculations by tabulating machines (1945)
    Springer
    Psychometrika 10 (1945), S. 93-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract I.B.M. tabulating equipment can be of considerable help in reducing the time and increasing the accuracy of multiple factor analysis, even if used for only a part of the calculations. Once the plugboard is wired and those cards punched which are used over and over again, problems involving any number of variables can be handled with dispatch. The correlation matrix is listed, the totals verified, and the signs changed on the tabulator. Then the factors and the residual coefficients are calculated by means of a calculator. Tucker's procedure has been modified by using a calculator instead of a multiplying punch, by reducing the number of cards used, by simplifying checks on calculations, by simplifying plugboard wiring, and by preparing work sheets on tabulator paper. Extraction of factors from 24 variables at the rate of one in four hour's time seems to justify the use of the tabulating equipment on small problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02288878
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