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  • 1
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Testikuläre Keimzelltumoren ; Evidenzbasierte Medizin (EBM) ; Interdisziplinäre Diagnostik- und Therapieempfehlungen ; Key Words: Testicular germ cell tumors ; Evidence-based medicine (EBM) ; Interdisciplinary diagnostic and treatment strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: An “Interdisciplinary Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Therapy of Testicular Tumors” was prepared in 1996 by the “Interdisciplinary Testicular Tumor Working Group” (IAH) with input from representatives from diagnostic and therapeutic disciplines of various working groups of the German Cancer Society (Strahlenther Onkol 1997;173:397–406). In 1998 the IAH met again together with the “Testicular Tumor Working Party” of the Urooncology Working Group (AUO) and formed the “German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSG). Defined and accepted interdisciplinary standards from the initial meeting were revised based on current scientific developments and clinical results. This cooperating effort increases the quality of the initial recommendations and helped to put the recommendations for diagnosing and treating testicular on a broader scientific basis. Methods: According to the principles of “evidence-based medicine” (EBM), the Consensus from 1996 was modified, based on the current level of evidence from the published literature. The methodological process and evaluation criteria used were that of the “Cochrane Collaboration”. Results: An “Interdisciplinary Update Consensus Statement” summarizes and defines the diagnostic and therapeutic standards according to the current scientific practices in testicular cancer. For 21 separate areas scientifically based decision criteria are suggested. For treatment areas where more than one option exist without a consensus being reached for a preferred strategy, such as in seminoma in clinical Stage I or in non-seminoma Stages CS I or CS IIA/B, all acceptable alternative strategies with their respective advantages and disadvantages are presented. This “Interdisciplinary Update Consensus” was presented at the 24th National Congress of the German Cancer Society on March 21st and subsequently evaluated and approved by the various German scientific medical societies.
    Notes: Hintergrund: 1996 war von der “Interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Hodentumoren” (IAH), in der Vertreter aller an der Diagnostik und Therapie des germinalen Hodentumors beteiligten Disziplinen aus den jeweiligen Fachgesellschaften und Arbeitsgruppen der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft zusammenarbeiten, ein “Interdisziplinärer Konsensus zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Hodentumoren” erarbeitet worden (Strahlenther Onkol 1997;173–406). Die seinerzeit in interdisziplinärer Abstimmung definierten Empfehlungen wurden aufgrund fortschreitender Entwicklungen und klinischer Erkenntnisse dem aktuellen Wissensstand angepasst und überarbeitet. Hierfür sind durch den 1998 erfolgten Zusammenschluss der IAH mit der “Organgruppe Hodentumoren” der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Urologische Onkologie (AUO) zur “German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSG) die wissenschaftliche Basis erweitert und die Qualität der erabeiteten diagnostischen und therapeutischen Standards für Hodentumoren erhöht worden mit der Zielsetzung, eine breite Umsetzung der interdisziplinär erstelltn Empfehlungen zu ermöglichen. Methodik: In Erweiterung der Erarbeitung des Konsensus von 1996 erfolgte die Überarbeitung auf Grundlage aktueller Literaturdaten in Anlehnung an die Prinzipien der “Evidence-bases Medicine” (EBM). Aussagen und Empfehlungen zu den von interdisziplinär besetzten Arbeitsgruppen recherchierten Themenkomplexen wurden nach dem Grad ihrer Qualität und Sicherheit bewertet. Das methodische Vorgehen entsprach dabei dem der Cochrane Collaboration, deren Bewertungskriterien übernommen wurden. Ergebnisse: Der zu 21 Themenkomplexen anhand wissenschaftliche begründeter Entscheidungskriterien erarbeitete “Interdisziplinärer Update-Konsensus” präzisiert und definiert diagnostische und therapeutischen Standards entsprechend dem aktuellen Wissensstand über diese Tumorentität. Für Therapiesituationen, bei denen mehrere Optionen bestehen und kein Konsens über die favorisierte Strategie erzielt wurde wie beim Seminom in klinischen Stadium I oder beim Nichtseminom in den Stadien CS I bzw. CS IIA/B, wurden jeweilige Alternativen mit deren Vor- und Nachteilen dargestellt. Der “Interdisziplinäre Update-Konsensus” wurde beim 24. Deutschen Krebskongress am 21.3.2000 vorgestellt, nachfolgend von den daran beteiligten wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften geprüft und gebilligt.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La chirurgie présente la seule chance de guérison à long terme des patients ayant un carcinome hépatocellulaire. Le rôle de la résection hépatique ou de l'ablation complète du foie suivie d'une transplantation du foie a été analysé dans une série consécutive de 198 patients. Le but de cette étude était de comparer les deux modalités thérapeutiques en se basant sur les différents facteurs clinicopathologiques de pronostic y compris la classification TNM. Cent trente et une résections et 61 transplantations ont été réalisées d'après les diagnostics histologiques suivants: carcinome hépatocellulaire sur foie sain (n =86) ou carcinome sur foie malade (n=79), carcinome fibrolamellaire (n=19), et hépatocholangiocarcinome (n=8). La survie actuarielle globale à 5 ans était respectivement de 35.8% après résection et de 15.2% après transplantation. En ce qui concerne la résection, les facteurs associés améliorant de façon significative la survie à distance étaient: âge de 30 à 50 ans, carcinome hépatocellulaire sur foie sain, carcinome fibrolamellaire, tumeur unique, localisation à un seul lobe, absence d'envahissement vasculaire, de thrombose de la veine porte et de dissémination extrahépatique, tumeurs primitives de catégories pT 2/3, stade II/III, et intervention à visée curative. En ce qui concerne l'ablation complète du foie suivie de transplantation, les facteurs favorables correspondants étaient: stade pT2, absence de thrombose de la veine porte et de dissémination extrahépatique (absence d'envahissement hépatique local et de métastases à distance), stade II, et chirurgie à visée curative. Il a été ainsi clairement démontré par l'analyse uniet multifactorielle que la classification pTNM a une valeur clinique pour établir le pronostic après résection partielle ou transplantation. Treize autres patients ont eu une résection secondaire (n=8) ou une transplantation secondaire (n=6) pour récidive intrahépatique de leur carcinome hépatocellulaire. Alors que chez tous les patients ayant eu une simple résection le cancer a récidivé, 5 sur 6 des patients ayant eu une transplantation étaient vivants et sans maladie apparente à 12–40 mois. Les résultats de cette étude prouvent que la résection hépatique est le traitement de choix du cancer primitif du foie alors que la transplantation est indiquée particulièrement en cas de tumeur non résécable ou en cas de récidive. Ainsi, l'éventail thérapeutique pour le carcinome hépatocellulaire comprend à la fois la résection hépatique partielle et l'ablation totale du foie suivie de transplantation.
    Abstract: Resumen El tratamiento quirúrgico ofrece la única posibilidad de curación a largo plazo de pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular. En el presente artículo se analizan el rol de la hepatectomía parcial y de la hepatectomía total con el subsiguiente reemplazo del hígado en una serie consecutiva de 198 pacientes. El objeto del estudio fue comparar tales modalidades terapéuticas con base en diversos factores clinicopatológicos de pronóstico, incluso el sistema TNM de clasificación patológica. Cien treinta y uno resecciones y 61 trasplantes fueron realizados en pacientes con los siguientes diagnósticos histológicos: carcinoma hepatocelular sin enfermedad hepática coexistente (86) o asociado con variadas anormalidades hepáticas (79), carcinoma fibrolamelar (19), y carcinoma mixto hepatocolangiocelular (8). Las tasas globales de supervivencia actuarial a 5 años fueron 35.8% después de resección y 15.2% después de trasplante. En los casos de hepatectomía parcial, los factores asociados con mejor sobrevida a largo plazo fueron: edad de 30–50 años, carcinoma hepatocelular sin enfermedad hepática coexistente, carcinoma fibrolamelar, tumor solitario, ubicación unilobar, ausencia de invasión vascular, trombosis de la vena porta o extensión extrahepática, tumor primario de categoría pT 2/3, estadios II/III, y resección curativa (RO). En los casos con hepatectomía total los factores correspondientes fueron: pT2, ausencia de trombosis de la vena porta y de extensión extrahepática (ganglios linfáticos regionales negativos, no metástasis distantes), estadio II, y cirugía curativa. Mediante el análisis uniy multivariable se pudo demostrar con claridad que la clasificación pTNM es de utilidad en relación a la valoración de lo significativo del pronóstico después de la resección del trasplante. Un grupo de 13 pacientes fue sometido a resección secundaria (8) o trasplante (6) por recurrencia intrahepática del tumor. En tanto que se presentó nueva recurrencia del tumor en la totalidad de los pacientes con resección, 5 de los 6 pacientes trasplantados están vivos y libres de enfermedad a los 12–40 meses. Los resultados del estudio demuestran que la resección hepática es el tratamiento de escogencia en el cáncer primario del hígado en tanto que el trasplante puede estar indicado especialmente en pacientes con lesiones no resecables o con lesiones recurrentes. Por lo tanto, la terapia para carcinoma hepatocellular debe incluir ambas modalidades, la hepatectomía parcial y la total, integradas en un concepto común.
    Notes: Abstract Surgical therapy offers the only chance for long-term cure of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of partial and total hepatectomy with subsequent liver replacement was analyzed in a consecutive series of 198 patients. It was the aim of this study to compare both treatment modalities on the basis of various clinicopathological prognostic factors including the TNM system of pathological classification. One hundred thirty-one resections and 61 transplantations were performed for the following histological diagnoses: hepatocellular carcinoma without coexisting liver disease (86) or associated with various hepatic abnormalities (79), fibrolamellar carcinoma (19), and mixed hepatocholangiocellular carcinoma (8). Overall actuarial survival rates at 5 years were 35.8% following resection and 15.2% after transplantation, respectively. For partial hepatectomy, factors significantly associated with improved long-term outcome were: age 30–50 years, hepatocellular carcinoma without coexisting liver disease, fibrolamellar carcinoma, solitary tumor, unilobar location, absence of vascular invasion, portal vein thrombosis or extrahepatic spread, primary tumor categories pT 2/3, stage groups II/III, and curative operation (R0). Regarding total hepatectomy, the corresponding figures were: pT2, absence of portal vein thrombosis or extrahepatic spread (negative regional lymph nodes, no distant metastases), stage group II, and curative surgery. It could be clearly shown by uni- and multivariate analyses that the pTNM classification is of clinical value regarding the assessment of prognostic significance after resection and transplantation. A group of 13 patients had secondary resection (8) or transplantation (6) for intrahepatic tumor recurrence. Whereas in all resected patients cancer recurred again, 5 of 6 transplant recipients are alive and disease-free at 12–40 months. The results of this study demonstrate that liver resection is the treatment of choice for primary liver cancer while transplantation may be indicated, especially in cases of nonresectable or recurrent lesions. Thus, the therapeutic spectrum for hepatocellular carcinoma should include both partial and total hepatectomy, being integrated into one common concept.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 402 (1984), S. 415-423 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: CEA ; β-HCG ; SP1 ; Keratin ; Lung tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and twenty seven cases of lung tumors were studied by the immunoperoxidase technique for the presence of CEA andβ-HCG. Twenty-nine of these tumors were additionally stained for keratin and SP1. CEA and SP1 could be demonstrated in 80% of the studied cases, whileβ-HCG was found in only 9%. SP1 revealed an almost identical staining pattern to CEA and keratin was found only in squamous cell carcinomas. The tissue positivity of none of these three markers correlated with tumor size, lymphnodal involvement or histological type.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Down's syndrome ; Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies ; Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: cholangiocellular carcinoma ; p53 ; proliferation markers ; apoptosis ; histopathological parameters ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was performed to examine the correlation between mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, the occurrence of apoptosis, and proliferation in cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver. The results obtained were compared with pathohistological stage (according to UICC) and grade and with disease related survival rate. In 41 curatively (R0−) resected intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinomas, the status of the p53 gene was determined by direct sequencing of exons 4–9 and immunohistochemically. Apoptosis was assessed using the in situ end labeling (ISEL) technique in combination with morphological criteria. Proliferation was analyzed by immunohistochemistry of MIB-1 (Ki-67), Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). The results obtained were compared with pathohistological stage (according to UICC), grade, several other histopathological factors, and survival rate. Mutations of p53 were detected in 15/41 carcinomas examined (37%). The most common change was a G→C and C→T transition, changing the hot spot amino acid determined by exons 4–8. Of these 15 tumors, 14 were also p53-positive by immunohistochemistry. In each carcinoma examined, we could demonstrate MIB-1, PCNA, and AgNOR dots and also apoptotic cells in variable proportions. The proliferation markers showed a significant correlation among themselves. In univariate survival analysis, the extent of the primary tumor, lymph node status, grade, and p53 were significant factors influencing patient survival. Performing multivariate Cox regression survival analysis, however, only the extent of primary tumor and lymph node status had an independent prognostic impact. Apoptosis was not related to patient prognosis or to other parameters examined. In conclusion, these results indicated that p53 could serve as an additional prognostic parameter that could provide auxiliary information for patient outcome. However, tumor stage and lymph node involvement were the strongest prognostic factors. We failed to establish apoptosis or other pathological parameters as factors predicting the prognosis of patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: nm23-H1 ; Colorectal carcinoma ; Staging ; Lymph node metastases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Reduced expression of the metastasis suppressor gene nm23-H1 has previously been correlated with high tumor metastatic potential and fatal clinical outcome in some tumors (e.g.,breast). For colorectal carcinomas, the findings are equivocal. METHODS: We have used a monoclonal antibody against nm23-H1 to investigate the expression in colorectal carcinomas at the time of primary curative surgery (RO resection) to assess if there was any relation between nm23-H1 expression and stage or histologic grade at the time of primary tumor removal. RESULTS: Of 100 colorectal carcinomas studied (Stages I, II, and III according UICC, all resected curatively), nm23-H1 immunoreactivity was weak in 41 (41 percent), moderate in 24 (24 percent), and strong in 35 (35 percent) cases. The grade of positivity against nm23-H1 was significantly lower in advanced stages of the disease (Stages II or III) (P 〈 0.001, chi-squared=52.8). In tumors with low or weak immunoreactivity against nm23-H1, frequency of lymph node metastases was significantly higher compared with those with moderate or strong staining (P 〈 0.001; chi-squared=50.58). Therefore, with a sensitivity of 93 percent and a specificity of 58 percent, low nm23-H1 immunoreactivity of the primary tumor, assessed at the time of surgery, is an indicator of the presence of lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohisto-chemical evaluation of nm23-H1 in the primary tumor or in a biopsy is a useful predictor of stage of disease and presence of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinomas and may have clinical significance,e.g.,in predicting optimal therapeutic regimes.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colonic neoplasms/surgery ; Human ; Laparoscopy ; Prospective study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer is currently under discussion. Results of large, randomized studies will not be available for a number of years yet. This study analyses the results of such resections in consecutive patients operated on by unselected surgeons. METHODS: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was initiated on August 1, 1995, in the German-speaking countries of Europe. One year after initiation of the study, findings are presented with respect to the quality of oncologic resections. RESULTS: Of 500 operations, 231 (46 percent) were performed for cancer, 167 (33 percent) with a curative intent. The most common curative resections were as follows: 63 anterior rectum resections (38 percent), 51 sigmoid resections (30 percent), and 27 abdominoperineal resections (16 percent). Segmental resections were performed in 20 patients (12 percent). Intraoperative tumor spillage was reported in 2 percent. Mean number of lymph nodes harvested was 13 (confidence interval, 5–95 percent; range, 11.5–14.6) and positive lymph nodes harvested was 2.2 (confidence interval, 5–95 percent; range, 0.9–3.4). Significant differences were noted between participating centers in terms of number of lymph nodes resected (P〈0.0001). Distal and proximal resection margins were tumorfree in every case. Lateral margins were tumor-free when examined. In the case of 63 curative anterior resections, the mean distal resection margin was 39 (confidence interval, 5–95 percent; range, 33–45) mm, and in 8 of these resections, it was less than 20 mm. Mean blood loss was 344 (confidence interval, 5–95 percent; 292–396) ml, and 21 percent of patients received blood transfusions. CONCLUSIONS: These data document that the average quality of laparoscopic colorectal procedures for cancer is satisfactory but differs among surgeons.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Abdominoperineal resection ; Laparoscopy ; Colorectal carcinoma ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Although laparoscopic colorectal surgery is attracting ever more attention, its use for curative treatment of colorectal carcinoma in particular continues to be controversial. The present study was an attempt to analyze the results of the perioperative course, oncologic quality, and preliminary long-term results. METHOD: The data considered here were collected within the framework of a prospective, observational study initiated on August 1, 1995, and involving a total of 18 institutions in Germany and Austria. At the end of three years, the results are now being presented selectively,i.e., focusing only on abdominoperineal resection. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients underwent laparoscopic abdominoperineal resections, 98 (84.5 percent) of which were performed with curative intent. The mean operating time was 226 (confidence interval, 140–365) minutes. Seven patients (6 percent) experienced an intraoperative complication, which in more than one-half of the cases was a vascular injury involving the presacral venous plexus; the conversion rate was 3.4 percent. Postoperatively, 40 patients developed 97 complications—including those of a very minor nature—giving an overall morbidity rate of 34.4 percent. Reoperation in six patients (5.2 percent) had to be performed for an afterbleed in one-half of the cases and ileus in the other one-half. Postoperative mortality was a low 1.7 percent. In most of the curative resections, an oncologically radical operation with high transection of the inferior mesenteric artery and a complete dissection of the pelvis down to the floor was performed. The median number of lymph nodes investigated was 11.5, and there was wide fluctuation in the numbers among the individual institutions. Tumor cell dissemination occurred intraoperatively in five patients. In the meantime, 79 patients (81 percent) underwent at least one follow-up examination, the mean follow-up period being 491 days. Seven patients developed a local recurrence, and a further six patients developed distant metastases. For recurrence-free survival rate, the Kaplan-Meier estimation calculated a probability of 71 percent. CONCLUSION: Not all of the reservations about laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection, in particular with regard to resection with curative intent, have yet been eliminated. The present study does, however, show that a laparoscopic approach can in principle meet oncologic requirements of radicality and, with regard to the postoperative course, is associated with considerable benefits to the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Anal canal cancer ; Combination therapy ; Radiation ; Chemotherapy ; MIB1 ; Ploidy ; Prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study contained herein assessed long-term results, toxicity, and prognostic variables following combined modality therapy of patients with International Union Against Cancer Classification T1–4, N0–3, M0 squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1985 and 1996, 62 patients completed treatment with combined modality therapy. A median total dose of 50 Gy was given to the primary, perirectal, presacral, and inguinal nodes followed by a local boost in selected cases. 5-Fluorouracil was scheduled as a continuous infusion of 1,000 mg/m2 per 24 hours on days 1 to 5 and 29 to 33 and mitomycin C as a bolus of 10 mg/m2 on days 1 and 29. Routinely processed paraffin-embedded sections were stained using monoclonal antibodies for detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and MIB1 (Ki-67) antigen to determine the labeling index. In addition, DNA ploidy was assessed after Feulgen staining. RESULTS: Actuarial cancer-related survival, no evidence of disease survival, and colostomy-free survival rates at five years were 81, 76, and 86 percent, respectively. In univariate analysis, T category (T1/2 vs. T3/4) was predictive for no evidence of disease survival (87vs. 59 percent;P=0.03) and colostomy-free survival (94vs. 73 percent;P=0.05). N category (N0vs. N1–3) influenced actuarial cancer-related survival (85vs. 58 percent;P=0.002) and no evidence of disease survival (80vs. 53 percent;P=0.02). A higher proliferative potential as measured by the MIB1 labeling index was associated with a better colostomy-free survival (90vs. 50 percent;P=0.04). In multivariate analysis, actuarial cancer-related survival was only influenced by the N category (P=0.03) and no evidence of disease survival by N category (P=0.03) and mitomycin C dose (P=0.04). Salvage abdominoperineal resection achieved long-term control in only four of seven patients with local failures. CONCLUSION: Treatment with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is safe and effective for patients with anal canal carcinoma. Abdominoperineal resection is indicated as a salvage procedure in nonresponding and recurrent lesions and may be of benefit in a small subgroup of patients with poor prognostic factors.
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