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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous two-line operation of a CW CO laser with arbitrary choice of laser transitions (1988)
    Springer
    Applied physics 45 (1988), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60.Da ; 33.80.B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental scheme is discussed, by which we can operate a CO laser at two individually selectable lines from the same gain tube. There are virtually no restrictions on the wavelength separation of the two lines within the manifold of the available lasing transitions. Experimental verifications of this scheme are described and the mutual influence of the simultaneous laser operation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692334
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of codeine on oro-cecal transit time in Chinese healthy volunteers in comparison with Caucasian subjects (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1999), S. 839-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Codeine ; Oro-cecal transit time ; Lactulose hydrogen breath test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effect of codeine on oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) in Chinese subjects. Methods: OCTT was measured with the hydrogen breath test in 12 Chinese healthy volunteers on two occasions: after placebo and after a single oral dose of codeine 50 mg. Codeine and its metabolites in urine were measured by HPLC. The Results of this study were compared with those previously obtained from Caucasian subjects. Results and conclusion: The mean OCTT increased significantly after a single oral dose of codeine 50 mg [2.6 (1.2) h] compared with placebo [1.9 (0.6) h] in the Chinese subjects (P = 0.05). The increase in OCTT after codeine was similar in the Caucasian [0.9 (0.8) h] and in the Chinese subjects [0.7 (0.9) h]. However, the Chinese subjects had a significantly longer OCTT after placebo [1.9 (0.6) h] compared with the Caucasian subjects [1.3 (0.6) h, P 〈 0.05], possibly due to different environmental factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050563
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of the interethnic difference between Chinese and Caucasians in the polymorphic metabolism of debrisoquine and codeine (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 40 (1991), S. 553-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Genetic polymorphism ; Cytochrome P450 ; drug metabolism ; codeine ; interethnic differences ; Chinese ; debrisoquine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Far Eastern and Caucasian populations are strikingly different with respect to the debrisoquine/sparteine hydroxylation polymorphism. The number of poor metabolizers, as defined for Caucasians, is very low among Chinese and Japanese. We investigated the molecular basis for this difference by analysis of the CYP2D6 gene in 115 Chinese subjects, combined with phenotypic classification of codeine and debrisoquine metabolism. A correlation between the rates of metabolism of these two drugs and genotype, as analyzed by RFLP using XbaI, was observed among the Chinese. A high frequency (37%) of alleles indicative of gene insertions (reflected by Xba I 44kb fragments) was recorded in the Chinese, but was not associated with the poor metabolizer phenotype, as it is in Caucasians. PCR amplification of part of the CYP2D6 gene with mutation specific primers for CYP2D6A (29A) and CYP2D6B (29B) allelic variants revealed that the XbaI 44kb fragment in Chinese apparently contains a functional CYP2D6 gene, in contrast to the situation among Caucasians. The results provide a molecular explanation of the interethnic difference in the metabolism of drugs affected by the debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279968
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Different effects of inhibitors on the O - and N -demethylation of codeine in human liver microsomes (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Codeine ;  O-demethylation ;  N-demethylation; human liver microsomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The O- and N-demethylation of codeine is catalysed by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 respectively. The formation rates of morphine by O-demethylation and norcodeine by N-demethylation were studied in two sets of human liver microsomes. Results: Relatively high K m values were found for both O- and N-demethylations, suggesting a low affinity to the corresponding enzymes. The inhibitory effects of various drugs were found to be different for O- and N-demethylations. The substrates of CYP2D6 such as thioridazine, amitriptyline and metoprolol inhibited the O-demethylation of codeine preferentially, while the substrates of CYP3A4 such as cyclosporine A, midazolam and erythromycin were all strong inhibitors of the N-demethylation of codeine. Quinidine and lignocaine, although they are substrates of CYP3A, showed preferential inhibition over the O-demethylation of codeine, suggesting a low affinity to the CYP3A. Methadone and dextropropoxyphene showed a preferential inhibition of CYP2D6 over CYP3A, while theophylline did not inhibit the O- or N-demethylation to a greater extent. Conclusion: It seems that there was a good correspondence between the capacity of drugs to inhibit the O- and N-demethylation of codeine in human liver microsomes and their apparent metabolism by CYP2D6 or CYP3A4, respectively in vivo in man, suggesting that this in vitro inhibition test may be a useful screen for drugs which interact with these two important drug-metabolising enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050247
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray sources in binary stars and spin-down of neutron stars
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chinese Astronomy 2 (1978), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6364
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0146-6364(78)90012-9
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical analysis of the radio luminosity of pulsars
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chinese Astronomy 4 (1980), S. 202-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6364
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0146-6364(80)90051-1
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noradrenergic Regulation of Hypothalamic Cells that Produce Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin and the Effect of Altered Adiposity in Sheep (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 17 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The growth hormone (GH) axis is sensitive to alteration in body weight and there is evidence that central noradrenergic systems regulate neurones that produce growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF). This study reports semiquantitative estimates of the noradrenergic input to neuroendocrine GHRH and SRIF neurones in the sheep of different body weights. We also studied the effects of altered body weight on expression of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that produces noradrenalin from dopamine. Ovariectomised ewes were made Lean (39.6 ± 2.6 kg; Mean ± SEM) by dietary restriction, whereas Normally Fed animals (61.2 ± 0.8 kg) were maintained on a regular diet. Brains were perfused for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation. The Mean ± SEM number of GHRH-immunoreactive (-IR) cells was lower in Normally Fed (65 ± 7) than in Lean (115 ± 14) animals, whereas the number of SRIF-IR cells was similar in the two groups (Normally Fed, 196 ± 17; Lean 230 ± 21). Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that the percentage of GHRH-IR cells (Normally Fed 36 ± 1.5% versus Lean 32 ± 4.6%) and percentage of SRIF-IR cells (Normally Fed 30 ± 40.4% versus Lean 32 ± 2.3%) contacted by noradrenergic fibres did not change with body weight. FluoroGold retrograde tracer injections confirmed that noradrenergic projections to the arcuate nucleus are from ventrolateral medulla and noradrenergic projections to periventricular nucleus arise from the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus of solitary tract, locus coeruleus (LC) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). DBH expressing cells were identified using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation and the level of expression (silver grains/cell) quantified by image analysis. The number of DBH cells was similar in Normally Fed and Lean animals, but the level of expression/cell was lower (P 〈 0.02) in the PBN and LC of Lean animals. These results provide an anatomical basis for the noradrenergic regulation of GHRH and SRIF cells and GH secretion. Altered activity or noradrenergic neurones in the PBN and LC that occur with reduced body weight may be relevant to the control of GH axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01319.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of codeine on gastrointestinal transit in extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 53 (1997), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Codeine ; Gastrointestinal transit ; pharmacogenetic ; debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methods: Codeine (50 mg) was administered to 12 extensive metabolisers (EM) and 12 poor metabolisers (PM) of debrisoquine. The oro-caecal transit time was estimated by the hydrogen breath test. The urinary excretion of codeine and metabolites during a 6-h interval was estimated after simultaneous analysis of codeine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), morphine (M), normorphine (NM), norcodeine, norcodeine glucuronide and codeine-6-glucuronide using HPLC. Results: The mean transit times after placebo were 1.3 h in the EM and 1.4 h in the PM. The corresponding figures after ingestion of codeine were 2.2 h and 2.1 h. The differences between the groups were statistically and clinically insignificant. The effect of codeine compared with placebo was significantly different in both groups. As expected, the metabolites of the O-demethylation pathway, M, M6G, M3G and NM were significantly lower in the PM. Interestingly, the recovery of the dose in the form of codeine (〉1.7 times) and norcodeine (〉2.5 times) was significantly higher in the PM, indicating compensatory metabolism via N-demethylation. Conclusion: In contrast to the analgesic effect, the prolongation of gastrointestinal transit caused by the drug does not depend on the formation of O-demethylated active metabolites M, M6G or NM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050353
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkaloid Production and Chinch Bug Resistance in Endophyte-Inoculated Chewings and Strong Creeping Red Fescues (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Endophyte ; Chewings fescue ; strong creeping red fescue ; ergovaline ; peramine ; lolitrem B ; chinch bug ; Epichloe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four Chewings fescue and two strong creeping red fescue selections that had been artificially inoculated and stably maintained with four different endophytes were evaluated in feeding trials with chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus hirtus). Significant differences in survival were found between the endophyte-inoculated plants and their endophyte-free counterparts. After seven days, 54.2% of chinch bugs were alive on endophyte-free tillers versus only 7.4% of chinch bugs fed tillers from endophyte-inoculated plants. Some differences were also found among the various plant–endophyte combinations. In Petri dish preference trials, chinch bugs showed a preference for the CA endophyte (obtained from a Chewings fescue) over the RC endophyte (obtained from a strong creeping red fescue) in Chewings fescue selection C1117. Only the inoculated plants produced erogvaline, peramine, and lolitrem B; moreover, significant differences were found among the plant–endophyte combinations in the levels of these alkaloids. The Chewings selections C1117 and C1090 produced more ergovaline, and C1090 more lolitrem B, than other plants, regardless of endophyte source. In the presence of the RC endophyte, more ergovaline and lolitrem B was produced than in the presence of the CA endophyte regardless of plant genotype. Both host plant and endophyte, therefore, contributed factors that determined alkaloid production. No significant correlations between chinch bug survival and alkaloid levels were found, however, and overall, no one plant genotype or endophyte source proved to be significantly more toxic than another to chinch bugs. Nevertheless, the results clearly demonstrated that artificial inoculations of endophyte-free fescue genotypes can produce plants with increased toxicity to chinch bugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005410115940
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