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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of codeine on oro-cecal transit time in Chinese healthy volunteers in comparison with Caucasian subjects (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1999), S. 839-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Codeine ; Oro-cecal transit time ; Lactulose hydrogen breath test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effect of codeine on oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) in Chinese subjects. Methods: OCTT was measured with the hydrogen breath test in 12 Chinese healthy volunteers on two occasions: after placebo and after a single oral dose of codeine 50 mg. Codeine and its metabolites in urine were measured by HPLC. The Results of this study were compared with those previously obtained from Caucasian subjects. Results and conclusion: The mean OCTT increased significantly after a single oral dose of codeine 50 mg [2.6 (1.2) h] compared with placebo [1.9 (0.6) h] in the Chinese subjects (P = 0.05). The increase in OCTT after codeine was similar in the Caucasian [0.9 (0.8) h] and in the Chinese subjects [0.7 (0.9) h]. However, the Chinese subjects had a significantly longer OCTT after placebo [1.9 (0.6) h] compared with the Caucasian subjects [1.3 (0.6) h, P 〈 0.05], possibly due to different environmental factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050563
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enantioselective steady-state kinetics of unbound disopyramide and its dealkylated metabolite in man (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 41 (1991), S. 481-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Disopyramide ; pharmacokinetics ; protein binding ; enantiomers ; metabolism ; metabolite kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Disopyramide is provided as a racemic mixture of R and S enantiomers, which have different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Five volunteers were given racemic disopyramide 100 mg and 200 mg t.d.s. in a cross-over design. Plasma and urine concentrations of disopyramide and its active metabolite monodesisopropyl-disopyramide (MND) were determined at steady state by an enantioselective HPLC method. Unbound drug in plasma was measured after ultrafiltration. There was enantioselective clearance of unbound disopyramide (0.39 l.h−1.kg−1 for R-disopyramide and 0.58 l.h−1.kg−1 for S-disopyramide after 100 mg t.d.s.). The enantioselectivity was due to differences in the metabolism of disopyramide to MND and in further non-renal clearance, and the renal clearance of disopyramide was not enantioselective. The in vivo protein binding of disopyramide, which was saturable for both enantiomers, was also enantioselective. The difference in binding of the two enantiomers was explained by a difference in apparent binding capacity rather than in apparent binding affinity. The renal clearance of S-MND was significantly higher than R-MND (0.29 and 0.19 l.h−1.kg−1, respectively, after 100 mg t.d.s.). The renal clearance of MND also showed a tendency to saturation at higher concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00626374
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-dose and steady-state kinetics of morphine and its metabolites in cancer patients — a comparison of two oral formulations (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 40 (1991), S. 585-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Morphine ; metabolites ; clinical trial ; pharmacokinetics ; controlled release formulation ; cancer patients ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The single-dose and steady state kinetics of morphine given as controlled-release tablets (30 mg every 12 h) and as a solution (15 mg every 6 h) have been compared in 11 cancer patients with chronic pain. The concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) were analyzed by HPLC. There were no significant differences between the tablets and solution in the mean steady state concentrations of morphine, M3G or M6G. The tmax was 3.3 h for the tablets compared to 1.1 h for the solution. After giving the controlled-release tablets every 12 h there was a significantly higher fluctuation index of the morphine concentrations than after the solution. Urinary recovery at steady state was comparable between the two preparations, with averages of 57% and 47%, respectively. Thus, no major differences were found in the pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronidated metabolites after 30 mg morphine as controlled-release tablets every 12 h or 15 mg of morphine solution every 6 h, except for a significantly longer tmax and greater fluctuation in morphine concentrations after the controlled-release tablets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279975
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bonding of simple carboxylic acids on Cu(110) (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 8146-8155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present a study of the bonding of formate (HCOO) and acetate (CH3COO) chemisorbed on Cu(110) using core level spectroscopies in combination with theoretical calculations. For the first time, we apply x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) to these systems. When XES is used in conjunction with x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and ab initio calculations, new information about the electronic interaction in the adsorbate–substrate system is provided. In particular, we have used the azimuthal orientation of the COO–surface bond on the (110) surface, to make a complete partition into x, y, and z orbital contributions. The surface bond is found to be predominantly ionic. For the case of adsorbed formate, the covalent bonding is dominated by 6a1/7a1, (σ)-type, frontier orbitals, interacting with the Cu valence band. The resulting hybrid orbitals form a distribution of states that cross the Fermi level. The contribution from adsorbate π-type orbitals is small. The chemical bond formation of adsorbed acetate is very similar to that of formate. In addition, states with metal character have been identified for the outermost CH3-group of acetate. These are delocalized states of mainly local σ-character. The spectral features due to states of local π-character in the adsorbed acetate are well described within the framework of hyperconjugation. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481415
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New final state in the autoionization decay detected for N2/(2×2)K/graphite: Relevance for the affinity level of NO on a K monolayer (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 1209-1211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have observed a new type of charge transfer state in the autoionization spectrum for N2/(2×2)K/graphite. It can be viewed as a consequence of an important covalent component to the bonding with the surface in the core hole excited state for N2/(2×2)K/graphite or equivalently for the Z+1 system, "NO"/(2×2)K/graphite. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476671
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonia adsorbed on Cu(110): An angle resolved x-ray spectroscopic and ab initio study (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 4880-4890 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present a study of a monolayer of ammonia (NH3) adsorbed on Cu(110) using core level spectroscopies in combination with ab initio calculations based on density functional theory. In particular, x-ray emission spectroscopy has been applied, providing an unsurpassed view of the electronic structure of NH3 upon adsorption. The saturated NH3 monolayer, aitch-theta∼0.4 ML, is found to induce strong adsorbate–adsorbate interaction, causing the molecules to tilt on the surface. Based on the angular distribution of the x-ray emission (XE) spectra, we have been able to estimate a mean tilt angle from the surface normal of 40°–45° for the saturated monolayer; the accompanying theoretical calculations for up to three NH3 molecules on a Cu21 all-electron cluster model support a tilted structure due to adsorbate–adsorbate dipole, and possibly hydrogen bonding, interactions. Since the creation of a core hole on the nitrogen atom site in the intermediate state of the XE process does not affect the symmetry of the molecule, a separation of valence electronic states having mainly e symmetry (N 2pxy) and a1 symmetry (N 2pz) has been achieved using angle resolved XE measurements. In addition to the electronic states of free NH3, evidence of new, substrate induced, states has been found, interpreted as ammonia 3a1/4a1-Cu 3d valence band hybrids. It is found that back donation into the previously unoccupied ammonia 4a1 orbital, and a simultaneous 3a1 donation into the substrate plays an important role in the surface chemical bond. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.478374
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of codeine on gastrointestinal transit in extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 53 (1997), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Codeine ; Gastrointestinal transit ; pharmacogenetic ; debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methods: Codeine (50 mg) was administered to 12 extensive metabolisers (EM) and 12 poor metabolisers (PM) of debrisoquine. The oro-caecal transit time was estimated by the hydrogen breath test. The urinary excretion of codeine and metabolites during a 6-h interval was estimated after simultaneous analysis of codeine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), morphine (M), normorphine (NM), norcodeine, norcodeine glucuronide and codeine-6-glucuronide using HPLC. Results: The mean transit times after placebo were 1.3 h in the EM and 1.4 h in the PM. The corresponding figures after ingestion of codeine were 2.2 h and 2.1 h. The differences between the groups were statistically and clinically insignificant. The effect of codeine compared with placebo was significantly different in both groups. As expected, the metabolites of the O-demethylation pathway, M, M6G, M3G and NM were significantly lower in the PM. Interestingly, the recovery of the dose in the form of codeine (〉1.7 times) and norcodeine (〉2.5 times) was significantly higher in the PM, indicating compensatory metabolism via N-demethylation. Conclusion: In contrast to the analgesic effect, the prolongation of gastrointestinal transit caused by the drug does not depend on the formation of O-demethylated active metabolites M, M6G or NM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asthma education for Swedish primary care physicians – a study on the effects of "academic detailing" on practice and patient knowledge (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 53 (1997), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Asthma ; General practice ; Educational in-tervenction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess the effect of an intervention on general practitioners' (GPs) knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, including the prescribing of anti-asthmatic drugs, and asthmatic patients' knowledge about their disease. Methods: The study took place in the south-west region of Stockholm County. In the area where the intervention took place (area 1), 44 GPs at 21 health centres were visited by a clinical pharmacologist and a pharmacist presenting oral and written information. The basic messages were: (1) the central role of inhaled glucocorticoids; (2) the use of peak expiratory flow (PEF) meters; and (3) the use of reversibility tests. In the control area (area 2), there were 19 GPs at nine health centres. The GPs knowledge about the intervention message was evaluated by a questionnaire pre- and post-intervention. The ratios of prescribed inhaled be β-adrenoceptor agonists to inhaled glucocorticoids were determined. At the 26 local pharmacies, all asthmatic patients who presented a prescription for anti-asthmatic drugs, issued at the 30 health centres, were given a questionnaire before and after the intervention regarding their knowledge of asthma and its treatment. Results: GPs in area 1 showed significantly more knowledge about item numbers 2 and 3 in the above-described intervention message than did the GPs in the control area 2. The data on prescriptions showed lower ratios of β-adrenoceptor agonists to glucocorticoids in area 1 than in area 2. The difference, however, between area 1 and area 2 was not significant. After the GP intervention, the patients' knowledge about asthma had increased in area 1, as assessed by the questionnaire filled in by the patients. However, there was no significant difference from that in area 2. Conclusions: The study shows differences between the intervention and control areas regarding the knowledge and practice of GPs after the intervention. We found changes in knowledge, attitudes and actual practice, the latter being measured by the prescriptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050361
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local probing of the surface chemical bond using X-ray emission spectroscopy (1997)
    Springer
    Applied physics 65 (1997), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 78.70.En; 73.20.Hb; 85.65.Pa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2 and CO on Ni(100), benzene on Ni(100) and Cu(110), and glycine adsorbed on Cu(110). New types of molecular states are observed which are directly related to the surface chemical bond. The long-accepted Blyholder model which is based on a frontier orbital concept cannot explain our results for N2 and CO chemisorption. We find it necessary to offer a new picture where changes in the whole molecular orbital framework have to be considered. We show that both π and σ type interactions are important in describing the bonding in benzene to metal surfaces. The future prospect is illustrated by the adsorption of the simplest amino acid, glycine, on Cu(110). The adsorbate has four different atomic centers where X-ray emission spectra are obtained, providing a unique view of the local electronic structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050557
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