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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: This study investigated the temporal expression and cell subtype distribution of activated caspase-3 following cortical impact-induced traumatic brain injury in rats. The animals were killed and examined for protein expression of the proteolytically active subunit of caspase-3, p18, at intervals from 6 h to 14 days after injury. In addition, we also investigated the effect of caspase-3 activation on proteolysis of the cytoskeletal protein α-spectrin. Increased protein levels of p18 and the caspase-3-specific 120-kDa breakdown product to α-spectrin were seen in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site from 6 to 72 h after the trauma. Immunohistological examinations revealed increased expression of p18 in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from 6 to 72 h following impact injury. In contrast, no evidence of caspase-3 activation was seen in microglia at all time points investigated. Quantitative analysis of caspase-3-positive cells revealed that the number of caspase-3-positive neurons exceeded the number of caspase-3-positive glia cells from 6 to 72 h after injury. Moreover, concurrent assessment of nuclear histopathology using hematoxylin identified p18-immunopositive cells exhibiting apoptotic-like morphological profiles in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site. In contrast, no evidence of increased p18 expression or α-spectrin proteolysis was seen in the ipsilateral hippocampus, contralateral cortex, or hippocampus up to 14 days after the impact. Our results are the first to demonstrate the concurrent expression of activated caspase-3 in different CNS cells after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Our findings also suggest a contributory role of activated caspase-3 in neuronal and glial apoptotic degeneration after experimental TBI in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract : Increasing evidence suggests that apolipoprotein D (apoD) could play a major role in mediating neuronal degeneration and regeneration in the CNS and the PNS. To investigate further the temporal pattern of apoD expression after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral cortical impact injury. The animals were killed and examined for apoD mRNA and protein expression and for immunohistological analysis at intervals from 15 min to 14 days after injury. Increased apoD mRNA and protein levels were seen in the cortex and hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury site from 48 h to 14 days after the trauma. Immunohistological investigation demonstrated a differential pattern of apoD expression in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively : Increased apoD immunoreactivity in glial cells was detected from 2 to 3 days after the injury in cortex and hippocampus. In contrast, increased expression of apoD was seen in cortical and hippocampal neurons at later time points following impact injury. Concurrent histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin demonstrated dark, shrunken neurons in the cortex ipsilateral to the injury site. In contrast, no evidence of cell death was observed in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury site up to 14 days after the trauma. No evidence of increased apoD mRNA or protein expression or neuronal pathology by hematoxylin and eosin staining was detected in the contralateral cortex and hippocampus. Our results reveal induction of apoD expression in the cortex and hippocampus following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Our data also suggest that increased apoD expression may play an important role in cortical neuronal degeneration after brain injury in vivo. However, increased expression of apoD in the hippocampus may not necessarily be indicative of neuronal death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Neuropsychologia 32 (1994), S. 799-804 
    ISSN: 0028-3932
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral blood vessels ; Hemifacial spasm ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to investigate 14 patients with unilateral hemifacial spasm (HS) and 20 controls. The relationship of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves to adjacent vessels was best visualized on the contiguous flow sensitive 3D-FISP images. Reconstruction of projectional MRA was helpful to assess the complex architecture of the vertebrobasilar system. Neurovascular contact in the facial nerve root exit zone was present in 4 of 20 controls and in 12 of 14 patients, in whom it predicted the affected side. These results support previous findings of surgical and electrophysiological investigations that local irriation of the facial nerve is the most possible explanation for HS. MRI and MRA provide vascular and brain tissue diagnosis in a single non-invasive examination and should be recommended as primary neuroradiological procedure in HS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 929-935 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen ; Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ ; Parkinson-Krankheit ; L-Dopa ; Neuroleptika ; Azetylcholinesterase-Hemmer ; Keywords Dementia with Lewy bodies ; Dementia of the Alzheimer type ; Parkinson's disease ; L-Dopa ; Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most frequent neuropathologically diagnosed degenerative dementing illness. The clinical characteristics are progressive dementia, parkinsonian syndrome, fluctuations of cognitive functions, alertness, and attention, visual hallucinations (usually detailed and well described), depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, adverse responses to standard neuroleptics doses, falls, syncopes, systematized delusions, and other modalities of hallucinations. Specificity of the clinical diagnostic criteria is high (95%), and sensitivity is considerably lower. Mean age at disease onset ranges between 60 and 68 years. The male gender prevails. Disease duration is 6 to 8 years. The differential diagnoses of DLB are dementia of the Alzheimer type, Parkinson's disease, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and rarely Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The genetic background of the disease is unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission tomography can contribute to the diagnosis. Controlled pharmacological studies have so far not been published. The disease is treated with L-dopa, atypical neuroleptics, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, antihypotensive agents, and peripheral anticholinergic and alpha receptor-blocking medications to improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen (DLK) ist die zweithäufigste neuropathologisch diagnostizierte degenerative dementielle Erkrankung. Ihre klinischen Charakteristika sind progrediente Demenz, Parkinson-Symptome, Schwankungen der Hirnleistungen und Vigilanz, detaillierte wiedergegebene visuelle Halluzinationen, Depression, REM-Schlaf-Verhaltensstörungen, Überempfindlichkeit auf die Dosen üblicher Neuroleptika, Stürze, Synkopen, systemisierter Wahn und Halluzinationen anderer Art. Die klinischen Kriterien haben eine hohe Spezifität (95%) und eine deutlich geringere Sensitivität. Die Erkrankung beginnt im Schnitt zwischen dem 60. und 68. Lebensjahr, betrifft Männer häufiger als Frauen und dauert 6–8 Jahre. Differenzialdiagnosen sind Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ (DAT), Parkinson-Krankheit (PK), subkortikale arteriosklerotische Enzephalopathie, progressive supranukleäre Parese, Multisystematrophie und bisweilen die Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Erkrankung. Der genetische Hintergrund der Erkrankung ist ungeklärt. Bildgebende Diagnostik (Magnetresonanz-Imaging, Single-Photon-Emission-Tomographie) kann zur Differenzialdiagnose beitragen. Systematische Therapiestudien liegen noch nicht vor. Die Erkrankung wird mit L-Dopa, atypischen Neuroleptika, Azetylcholinesterase-Hemmern, blutdrucksteigernden Medikamenten, sowie zur Verbesserung der neurogenen Blasenstörungen mit peripheren Anticholinergika und α-Rezeptorenblockern behandelt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyloid β protein ; Ischemia ; Alzheimer's disease ; Histoblot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histoblot immunostaining technique for locating and characterizing amyloidogenic proteins was used to obtain information about the relationship of cerebral ischemia/hypoxia to the accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ). We investigated brains of 131 subjects (ages 25–94 years, mean 72 years). Three distribution patterns of Aβ immunoreactivity were identified: (1) colocalization with diffuse and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging; (2) diffuse punctate deposits in the cerebral cortex in association with small vessel cerebral vascular disease; and (3) cerebral cortical accumulation localized to arterial boundary zones and other regions susceptible to ischemic/hypoxic injury designated "stress-induced deposits" (SID). SID were not identified in tissue sections by immunohistochemical, Congo red or Bielschowsky silver techniques; no histological abnormalities were present in adjacent formalin-fixed tissue sections. SID occurred in subjects with histories of cerebral ischemia, and severe orthostatic hypotension. There was also an association with aging in general and with the incidence of neuritic plaques specifically. These latter findings are consistent with the hypothesis that brain ischemia/hypoxia plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid β protein ; Ischemia ; Alzheimer's disease ; Histoblot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histoblot immunostaining technique for locating and characterizing amyloidogenic proteins was used to obtain information about the relationship of cerebral ischemia/hypoxia to the accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aß). We investigated brains of 131 subjects (ages 25–94 years, mean 72 years). Three distribution patterns of Aβ immunoreactivity were identified: (1) colocalization with diffuse and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging; (2) diffuse punctate deposits in the cerebral cortex in association with small vessel cerebral vascular disease; and (3) cerebral cortical accumulation localized to arterial boundary zones and other regions susceptible to ischemic/hypoxic injury designated “stress-induced deposits” (SID). SID were not identified in tissue sections by immunohistochemical, Congo red or Bielschowsky silver techniques; no histological abnormalities were present in adjacent formalin-fixed tissue sections. SID occurred in subjects with histories of cerebral ischemia, and severe orthostatic hypotension. There was also an association with aging in general and with the incidence of neuritic plaques specifically. These latter findings are consistent with the hypothesis that brain ischemia/hypoxia plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spasmodic torticollis ; Botulinum toxin ; Polymyography ; Pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymyographic recordings were used to identify the most dystonic muscles suitable for local injection with botulinum toxin in 100 patients with spasmodic torticollis (TS). Rotating TS (72% of the patients) was due to dystonic activity of the splenius muscle ipsilateral to and/or the sternocleidomastoid muscle contralateral to the side of chin deviation. One-third of these patients had also dystonic activation of the contralateral splenius muscle and, rarely, the contralateral trapezius muscle. Ten patients had laterocollis due to dystonic activation of all recorded muscles on one side of the neck. Nine patients had retrocollis due to activity of both splenius muscles and rarely additional activity in both trapezius muscles. The type of dystonic muscle activity was found to be tonic, phasic or tremulous. Besides the evaluation of spontaneous dystonic EMG activity further examination during the “geste antagoniste” or the muscle activity during rotating head movements can provide additional information. It is concluded that polymyography may provide a rationale for identifying the dystonic muscles underlying the different forms of TS. It may prove to be helpful for the successful therapy with botulinum toxin and may be useful in differentiating tremulous torticollis from other types of head tremor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spasmodic torticollis ; Botulinum toxin ; Poly-EMG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-seven patients with spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) who received repeated local injections of botulinum toxin have been followed up for a mean period of 12.3 (10–29) months, during which time 138 treatment sessions were performed. Mean doses per muscle averaged 320 mouse units (mu; range 160–1000 mu botulinum toxin A prepared by CAMR, Porton Down, UK). Eighty-six per cent of patients experienced significant improvement of posture and 84% of those with pain had relief following the first injection. Muscular patterns of recurrent torticollis were relatively constant and in most patients efficacy was maintained with subsequent injections, while 15% of all follow-up sessions failed. Only 2 of 37 patients were consistent non-responders; 22% and 10% of all sessions were complicated by transient dysphagia and weakness of neck muscles, respectively. It is concluded that local botulinum toxin injections can be a safe and efficaceous long-term treatment of spasmodic torticollis and that optimal doses should be between 200 and 400 mu/muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; Visuoperception ; Visuospatial cognition ; Age ; Disease severity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty patients with Parkinson's disease were compared with 33 normal controls with respect to their performance in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale subtests “information”, “similarities”, “block design”, and “picture completion”, in a test for visual neglect (Hamsher's line cancellation test) and in tests for visuospatial and visuorotational abilities (cube task from Amthauer's intelligence structure test and Rybakoff figure test, as revised by Meili). The findings show that the patients scored significantly worse than the controls (Mann-WhitneyU test,P=0.004) in the Rybakoff figure test, testing visual concept finding, imagination and visual rotation. In the other tests no significant differences were found between the patients and the controls. The deficit of the patients in the figure test of Rybakoff correlated significantly with tremor (P=0.013), akinesia (P=0.009), disability (P=0.043), and age (P=0.004, Spearman rank correlation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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