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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of annealing on the defect structure in a-SiC:H films (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 2216-2223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The annealing behavior of amorphous, hydrogenated silicon carbide films in the range 400–900 °C was studied by optical characterization methods, 15N hydrogen profiling, and defect profiling using a variable energy positron beam. The films were deposited in an electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition system using ditertiary butyl silane [SiH2(C4H9)2] as the monosource for silicon and carbon. As-deposited films were found to contain large concentrations of hydrogen, both bonded and unbonded. Under rapid thermal annealing in a N2 atmosphere, the bonded hydrogen effuses giving rise to additional Si–C bond formation and to film densification. After annealing at high temperatures in N2, a marked decrease in the total hydrogen content is observed. After annealing in vacuum, however, the hydrogen effusion promotes void formation in the films. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363049
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The thermal diffusivity tensor and lattice dynamics of β-oxygen at high pressure (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 5424-5428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An experimental approach to the study of thermal transport in the diamond-anvil high pressure cell is described and the elements of the thermal diffusivity tensor of β-oxygen are reported to a pressure of 9 GPa. The anisotropy in the thermal conductivity is found to be opposite in sense to that in the velocity of acoustic waves. Results are interpreted in terms of a lattice dynamical model in which the strong interactions between an atom and its first-, second-, and third-nearest neighbors are treated in tensorial form with parameters evaluated directly from experiment. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.471775
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bound states of He atoms on Ag(110) (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 910-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The spectrum of bound states of He atoms adsorbed on Ag(110) is calculated, using an interaction potential based on effective medium theory EMT for the repulsive term A exp(−bz) and the Zaremba–Kohn form for the attractive van der Waals dispersion term. The electronic charge density of the host in the selvedge region is modeled by superimposing atomic-charge densities using the Herman–Skillman tables and the prefactor A of the repulsive term is fitted to the exact ground state energy obtained from elastic He scattering data. Comparisons are made with the bound-state spectrum extracted from the measured resonances in the He scattering data and with the results of several other models used in the current literature. An assessment of the role played by higher-order dispersion contributions to the attractive potential is also included. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.471934
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Collaborative development of a sun protection factor test method: a proposed European Standard. COLIPA Task Force ‘Sun Protection Measurement’, Europe (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 18 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Standardization of the method to determine sun protection factors (SPF) is fundamental to uniform labelling of SPF values on sun products. The COLIPA Task Force ‘Sun Protection Measurement’(SPM), including representatives of major European sun-product manufacturers and contract testing laboratories, was established in 1990 to define methods for sun products testing. The process involved in developing the COLlPA SPF Test Method started with a critical appraisal of previously existing methods, and identification of areas for improvement. Experiments were performed by the participating laboratories to establish the new recommended test protocol which was then confirmed in two multicentred ring tests. Improvements to test methodology included the number and selection of volunteers and skin types, the application of the product, the definition of W output from solar simulators, and the method for assessing erythemal response (MED) including an option to use colorimetry to define objectively the ‘erythemal threshold’ of skin and to predetermine MED prior to exposure. Four cosmetic formulations and neutral density physical filters (SPF from 4 to 20) were tested in two ring tests. Results showed that variations in SPF of the cosmetic products were, on average, directly proportional to SPF value. An excellent correlation was found between visual and colorimetric SPF assessments (r = 0.99). An acceptable range of values for low and high SPF standard products was also established. The COLIPA SPF test method is now fully defined and supported by experimental data. Its use will harmonize SPF testing throughout Europe and help in the quest for global harmonization in testing sun products.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00151.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Density gradient columns: Dynamic modeling for linear profiles (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3973-3980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Rigorous mathematical modeling of the process dynamics associated with the construction and filling of density gradient columns is presented in this article. These models incorporate the hydrostatic driving forces for fluid flow, friction losses associated with this flow, and the unsteady-state behavior of the liquid levels in the filling vessels and in the column itself. Four different filling arrangements are considered, corresponding to the density order of the two fluids in the filling vessels and two methods for introducing the fluid of varying density into the column. Time requirements for filling of the column and the resulting calibration curve for liquid density versus height in the gradient column are both obtained as a result of this modeling procedure. Further, extremely important operating guidelines for the final achievement of a linear density gradient in the column, which is normally the desired objective in most laboratory applications, are derived and presented. Conversely, the causes leading to nonlinear gradients are elucidated and quantified. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147301
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electron cyclotron resonance etching characteristics of GaN in SiCl4/Ar (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 367-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etching characteristics of gallium nitride (GaN) are investigated using low pressure (4–10 mTorr) SiCl4/Ar ECR discharges. The purpose of this effort is to examine the dry etching processes of GaN that do not require hydrogen, which is known to cause carrier compensation in GaN. A maximum etching rate of 960 A(ring)/min and good surface morphologies are obtained. The etch rate is found to increase near-linearly with increasing dc bias, and a minimum dc bias of 100 V is required to initiate etching. Enhanced etching rates are obtained as the fraction of active chemical etchant species (SiCl4) in the discharge is increased. We have also found that the material quality significantly affects the etch rate. The latter decreases with x-ray rocking curve half-width and increases with defect density. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116718
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nonalloyed Ti/Al Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN using high-temperature premetallization anneal (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 2737-2739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: On Si-implanted n-type GaN, a nonalloyed Ti/Al metallization has been found to form an Ohmic contact that has a specific contact resistance as low as 1.0×10−5 Ω cm2. The Ohmic character is believed to be caused by the 1120 °C implant activation anneal which generates nitrogen vacancies that leave the surface heavily n type. This theory is indirectly confirmed on unimplanted n-type GaN by comparing the rc of nonalloyed Ti/Al on unannealed GaN with that of nonalloyed Ti/Al on 1120 °C annealed GaN. The former has rectifying electrical characteristics, while the latter forms an Ohmic contact with an rc=1.3×10−3 Ω cm2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117695
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The early development of Erysiphe pisi on Pisum sativum L. (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Erysiphe pisi, the powdery mildew pathogen of Pisum sativum, followed a developmental sequence that allowed the identification of 10 distinct growth stages (GS) over 30 h following inoculation. The growth stages were ungerminated conidia (GS1), germinated conidia, having produced a germ tube (GS2), germlings where the germ tube had forked (GS3), germlings with a multi-lobed germ tube (GS4), germlings with a single hypha (GS5), germlings with two (GS6 and 7) or three (GS8 and 9) hyphae, one of which may have formed from the appressorium (GS7 and 9), and germlings with abnormally long germ tubes (GS10), which did not develop hyphae. Conidia germinated rapidly, with a quarter of conidia producing germ tubes by 2 h after inoculation (hai). Most germlings produced multi-lobed appressoria, which showed considerable variation in structure. Haustoria, although often difficult to visualize, were first seen 4 hai, and the first hyphae 14 hai, growing from the body of the conidium. Subsequent hyphae developed from both the body of the conidium and from the appressorium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-111.x
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immigration of the barley mildew pathogen into field plots of barley (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Immigration of the barley powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) into field plots of the spring barley variety Tyra (carrying the resistance allele Mla1) was investigated. Spores were trapped from the top of the plot canopies, as well as from control plots of wheat with no barley nearby. Comparison of the frequencies of virulent and avirulent single-colony isolates showed that the amount of immigration, relative to the amount of inoculum being produced within the plot, reduced very rapidly, until it could not be detected in the middle of the growing season (mid-June).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-192.x
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An economic evaluation of propofol/fentanyl compared with midazolam/fentanyl on recovery in the ICU following cardiac surgery (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A comparison was made of the drug costs and nursing dependency of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery and routine postoperative recovery for two anaesthetic techniques using either propofol with low dose fentanyl or midazolam with high dose fentanyl. Estimates of resource use were based on a randomised clinical trial undertaken at the Northern General Hospital, Sheffield. Times from entry to the intensive care unit until extubation and discharge were recorded for 70 patients and were transformed to nursing shifts. Nursing dependency was calculated on the basis of one nurse per ventilated patient and 0.5 nurse from the start of the shift after extubation. Nursing costs were allocated on the basis of the patient's status at the beginning of each shift in line with the hospital's staffing policy. All drugs used from the morning of the operation until discharge were recorded. Costs of nursing and drugs were calculated. The total cost of patients in the propofol group was 13.3% less than midazolam patients (p = 0.043, for geometric means Cl 0.4% to 27.8%). The clinical study was not designed for economic endpoints; however, it demonstrated achievable savings in propofol-treated patients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07738.x
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