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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of laser-hole boring into overdense plasmas using x-ray laser refractometry (invited) : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 543-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We developed a 19.6 nm laser x-ray laser grid-image refractometer (XRL-GIR) to diagnose laser-hole boring into overdense plasmas. The XRL-GIR was optimized to measure two-dimensional electron density perturbation on a scale of a few tens of μm in underdense plasmas. Electron density profiles of laser-produced plasmas were obtained for 1020–1022 cm−3 with the XRL-GIR and for 1019–1020 cm−3 from an ultraviolet interferometer, the profiles of which were compared with those from hydrodynamic simulation. By using this XRL-GIR, we directly observed laser channeling into overdense plasmas accompanied by a bow shock wave showing a Mach cone ascribed to supersonic propagation of the channel front. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149380
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow-induced swelling of poly(vinyl alcohol) gel (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 111 (1999), S. 2295-2300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flow and swelling behavior was investigated for poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel in the solvent flow field. It was found that the PVA gel swelled under solvent flow and the volume of the gel increased with increasing solvent pressure. The flow rate also increased with increasing solvent pressure. On the other hand, the characteristic times determined by swelling and flow kinetics were independent of the applied pressure, and were almost identical, suggesting that the swelling and flow properties of the gels were closely related to each other. A new type of diffusion equation, which can describe the time evolution of flow and volume change of polymer gels under flow, was proposed in this paper. Comparison between experiment and theory showed that the experimental results were explained fairly well by the theory. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479500
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water/Oil Emulsions Prepared by the Membrane Emulsification Method and Their Stability (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We developed and tested a simple method to measure dispersed droplet size of W/O emulsions. Then, using a microporous glass membrane treated with oil phase, we produced a W/O emulsion with high water content (40% w/w) at a high emulsification rate by the membrane emulsification method, and assessed its stability. In comparison with emulsions by the stirring methods, variations in dispersed droplet size and viscosity of emulsions by membrane method were small and the emulsions were more stable. Droplet size was not related to the stability of the W/O emulsion prepared by membrane emulsification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15867.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amplitude and frequency spectrum of temporomandibular joint sounds from subjects with and without other signs/symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 26 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sound is one of the most commonly recognized signs in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) but is also frequently seen in asymptomatic individuals. Sound recording is therefore only meaningful if the sounds from a normal healthy joint can be differentiated from those in patients. In this study, the amplitude and power spectrum of the TMJ sounds from symptomatic patients and asymptomatic individuals were recorded and compared. The result showed that TMJ sounds from symptomatic patients had a larger amplitude than sounds from asymptomatic subjects. A significant proportion of sounds had frequencies between 2000 and 3000 Hz. It was concluded that the characteristic amplitude is worthy of further study as a sign of possible diagnostic value. Secondly, the bandwidth of the sensors used at electronic TMJ sound recording should not be less than 3000 Hz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00348.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology and prognosis of plantar melanoma in 62 Japanese patients over a 28-year period (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of dermatology 38 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-4632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The plantar surface is one of the commonest sites of malignant melanoma in the Japanese; however, the biological behavior is not sufficiently clarified, because of the paucity of long-term studies. We attempted an epidemiologic survey of the cases of plantar melanoma treated in our institute to study the survival rate in the recent period. Methods Of the 207 cases of malignant melanoma observed over the past 28 years, 62 patients were diagnosed as having plantar melanoma. The proportion of plantar melanoma to all melanomas, the sex and age of the patients, and the histologic type, stage, and prognosis were evaluated by comparing those registered in the first half (1969–1982) and the second half (1983–1996) of the period. Results The proportions of plantar melanoma in the first and second half periods were 31% (28 out of 90) and 29% (34 out of 117), respectively. No sex difference in the patients was observed. The mean age of the patients was 67 years. Fifty-one lesions were histologically proven to be acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), two were superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), and nine were nodular melanoma (NM). Of the nine NMs, eight were registered in the second half period. The heel was affected in 33 (53%), the metatarsal regions in nine (14%), the toes in six (10%), and the arch areas in 14 (23%). The proportion of the weight-bearing areas, including the heel, metatarsal areas, and toes, decreased in the second half period.A comparison of the stages of plantar melanoma showed that, in the first half period, there were 18% of patients with stage IV disease in contrast to none in the second half period. Conversely, the proportion of stage I and II disease was 50% in the second half period, whereas it was only 39% in the first half period. The 5-year survival rates in the first and second half periods were 56% and 71%, respectively. Conclusions The prognosis of plantar melanoma has improved recently at our institute. The possible explanation for a trend to better survival in the second half period may be related to a decrease in stage IV disease as well as to an increase in the frequency of diagnosis of early stage disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00736.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 69 (1999), S. S359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 42.60; 64
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Femtosecond laser ablation of metallic bulk crystals of Au, Ag and Cu was experimentally studied with laser pulse widths ranging from 120 fs through 800 fs at a center wavelength of 780 nm for micro-machining applications. Two different ablation regimes were found in terms of the laser fluence. The characteristic length of different ablation regimes was explained in terms of the optical skin depth and thermal diffusion length; it was determined by the peak electron temperature in the two-temperature model. The lateral feature of the two ablation regimes is discriminated by the amount of particles accumulated by the evaporation process. Ablated particle was observed less in the lower fluence regime than in the higher fluence regime, but there was no significant difference on the ablated surface. The parameters used in the two-temperature model, are discussed in order to model the ultrashort pulsed laser ablation process theoretically. It is shown that the obtainable range of the lower fluence regime is enhanced with the shorter pulse lasers, because the ablation etch rate is decreased with longer pulse width.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390051417
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth dynamics of carbon-metal particles and nanotubes synthesized by CO2 laser vaporization (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 69 (1999), S. S229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 47.27.-i; 61.48.tc; 81.20.-n
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. To study the growth of carbon-Co/Ni particles and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by 20 ms CO2 laser-pulse irradiation of a graphite-Co/Ni (1.2 at. %) target in an Ar gas atmosphere (600 Torr), we used emission imaging spectroscopy and shadowgraphy with a temporal resolution of 1.67 ms. Wavelength-selected emission images showed that C2 emission was strong in the region close to the target (within 2 cm), while for the same region the blackbody radiation from the large clusters or particles increased with increasing distance from the target. Shadowgraph images showed that the viscous flow of carbon and metal species formed a mushroom or a turbulent cloud spreading slowly into the Ar atmosphere, indicating that particles and SWNTs continued to grow as the ejected material cooled. In addition, emission imaging spectroscopy at 1200 °C showed that C2 and hot clusters and particles with higher emission intensities were distributed over much wider areas. We discuss the growth dynamics of the particles and SWNTs through the interaction of the ambient Ar with the carbon and metal species released from the target by the laser pulse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003399900287
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shadowgraphic and emission imaging spectroscopic studies of the laser ablation of graphite in an Ar gas atmosphere (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 69 (1999), S. S223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 61.46.tw; 81.05.Tp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Laser ablation of graphite in an Ar atmosphere at 560 Torr was done using a nanosecond-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) at a fluence of 12 J/cm2. Dynamics in the ejection of carbon species and in their confinement near the graphite surface (〈1 mm) due to their numerous collisions with Ar atoms were investigated by shadowgraphy, emission imaging, and emission spectroscopy at delay times of 0.01–100 μs following the laser irradiation. A shock wave was generated, and temporally and spatially dependent emissions from Ar+ and Ar were observed in addition to those from carbon species (C, C+, and C2) and the Bremsstrahlung radiation from a hot plasma. We suggest that the dissipation of the kinetic and thermal energies of the carbon species, their backward motion, and their collisions with each other lead to the formation of clusters and particles through the interaction with Ar atoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003399900216
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social Support Questionnaire among psychiatric patients with various diagnoses and normal controls (1999)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 34 (1999), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Several studies have pointed to the importance of social support in influencing the onset and course of a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia or depression. However, only a few have studied it across groups of patients with various psychiatric diagnoses employing a standardized assessment procedure. Method: We administered the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ); a measure of social support recommended by two recent reviews on the subject, to 1,369 psychiatric outpatients visiting the 23 psychiatric hospitals and clinics all over Japan and to 178 healthy controls recruited from among employees at a general hospital. Results: The original two-factor structure of the SSQ was confirmed and internal consistency reliability for the Number and Satisfaction subscales was satisfactory, with Cronbach's alphas above 0.85. When the SSQ scores were compared between psychiatric patients and healthy controls, it was found that the psychiatric patients in general reported significantly lower Number as well as Satisfaction scores than the healthy controls. When individual diagnostic categories were considered, almost all the diagnostic groups reported significantly lower Number scores, but only the patients with anxiety disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia, and V codes reported significantly lower Satisfaction scores than the healthy controls. Compared with patients with other diagnoses, the schizophrenic patients stood out as reporting significantly lower Number and Satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated the internal consistency reliability, factor validity, and construct validity of the SSQ among psychiatric as well as normal populations, and exemplified the feasibility of applying the SSQ as a standard measure of social support among psychiatric patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050136
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Resource Arc for Petri Net Modelling of Complex Resource Sharing System (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 26 (1999), S. 423-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: discrete production systems ; Petri nets ; Production Flow Schema (PFS) ; Mark Flow Graph (MFG) ; resource sharing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract PFS-R – Production Flow Schema with Resources – is a novel graphical representation for complex resource sharing discrete production systems proposed in this paper. The PFS-R is an augmented version of the PFS (Production Flow Schema, previously proposed by the authors) which includes correspondences of system resources at each production step. The PFS-R is able to model system structures as well as system behaviours in a more simplified and transparent manner than ordinary Petri net representations. That is, the PFS-R solves an important drawback when actually adopting Petri nets as a design technique for intelligent manufacturing systems. First, the paper introduces the basic elements of PFS-R, and the equivalent transformations of PFS-R model into hybrid nets and Petri nets, taking into account the net conservativeness. Next, examples of discrete production systems to illustrate the effectiveness of PFS-R are presented. In addition, it is shown, using an example, that the correspondence between resources and production steps in the process flow has a tree structure, which is an effective way to evaluate whether or not the objects designed have a well-defined structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008122101686
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