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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 25 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aeroallergens and food allergens are relevant eliciting factors of atopic eczema. This article focuses on the methods used for diagnosis in patients with suspected allergy to airborne or dietary allergens and who are suffering from atopic eczema. In addition to classical tests of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (intracutaneous or in vitro testing), the role of provocation procedures is described. For aeroallergens, the atopy patch test yields the most specific results with regard to clinical history as compared with classical methods. For food allergens and pseudoallergic reactions to additives, this holds true for the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. The methods and their limitations are discussed from a practical point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  The atopy patch test (APT) was proposed to evaluate IgE-mediated sensitizations in patients with atopic eczema (AE).Objective:  The prevalence and agreement with clinical history and specific IgE (sIgE) of positive APT reactions was investigated in six European countries using a standardized method.Methods:  A total of 314 patients with AE in remission were tested in 12 study centers on clinically uninvolved, non-abraded back skin with 200 index of reactivity (IR)/g of house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, grass, and birch pollen allergen extracts with defined major allergen contents in petrolatum. Extracts of egg white, celery and wheat flour with defined protein content were also patch tested. APT values were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h according to the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD) guidelines. In addition, skin-prick test (SPT) and sIgE and a detailed history on allergen-induced eczema flares were obtained.Results:  Previous eczema flares, after contact with specific allergens, were reported in 1% (celery) to 34% (D. pteronyssinus) of patients. The frequency of clear-cut positive APT reactions ranged from 39% with D. pteronyssinus to 9% with celery. All ETFAD intensities occured after 48 and 72 h. Positive SPT (16–57%) and elevated sIgE (19–59%) results were more frequent. Clear-cut positive APT with all SPT and sIgE testing negative was seen in 7% of the patients, whereas a positive APT without SPT or sIgE for the respective allergen was seen in 17% of the patients. APT, SPT and sIgE results showed significant agreement with history for grass pollen and egg white (two-sided Pr 〉 |Z| ≤ 0.01). In addition, SPT and sIgE showed significant agreement with history for the other aeroallergens. With regard to clinical history, the APT had a higher specificity (64–91% depending on the allergen) than SPT (50–85%) or sIgE (52–85%). Positive APT were associated with longer duration of eczema flares and showed regional differences. In 10 non-atopic controls, no positive APT reaction was seen.Conclusion:  Aeroallergens and food allergens are able to elicit eczematous skin reactions after epicutaneous application. As no gold standard for aeroallergen provocation in AE exists, the relevance of aeroallergens for AE flares may be evaluated by APT in addition to SPT and sIgE. The data may contribute to the international standardization of the APT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 443-450 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; Solanum sp. ; Massenselektion ; Selektionsfehler ; erwachsene Pflanze ; Feldprüfung ; Scheibentest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The reliability of blight resistance assessments made at the seedling stage and subsequent loss of tuber blight resistance were studied in 838 seedlings with different relative resistance to foliage blight. The criteria were assessed after Darsow (1989) in a field experiment in which the effect of maturity class was largely eliminated. Seedlings with 4–6 developed leaves were inoculated in the glasshouse with 3–3.5×105 zoospores of a mixture of pathotypes. Multiple assessments (NB 9=high resistance, 1=greatest susceptibility) and immediate removal of shoots at the stem base allowed those forms most susceptible to foliage blight to be regenerated for testing in subsequent years (single plants, A-clone). Table 1 gives the crosses, scores for resistance of the parents and the numbers of seedlings tested per progeny. The percentage distribution of foliage blight resistance in the field (KRF) related to that of the seedlings (KRG) is given in Fig. 1. Potato plants which were very susceptible at the seedling stage could nevertheless grow in the field and exhibit good foliage blight resistance. The reverse was also observed. The distribution after weak selection for the development of blight on the seedling in the field is given in Table 2. There was an unavoidable loss of 10% and 14% in those rotted seedlings that possessed foliage and tuber blight resistance respectively (Table 3). High tuber blight resistance (BS) occurred in all classes of seedlings with foliage blight resistance; likewise susceptibility to tuber blight occurred in seedlings with foliage blight resistance. From seedlings with KRG≥7, 204 out of a total of 222 retained their genotypes with KRF≥5 and BS≥6.4. A reduction of 43% in the final number of seedlings was accompanied by a loss of 8% of those that possessed combined resistance. Of the seedlings which had been harvested and pre-tested, 277 out of 481 later had insufficient levels of resistance. Early selection will only be advantageous by careful selection of progenies with increased levels of resistance. The interaction of resistance with environment and developmental stage does not at present commend the application of this approach to varietal breeding.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Gewächshaus wurden 838 hoch krautfäuleanfällige bis hoch resistente Kartoffelidiotypen als Sämling auf relative Krautfäuleresistenz (KRG), als Einzelstaude und A-Klon im Scheibentest auf relative Braunfäuleresistenz (BS) und als A-Klon auf relative Krautfäuleresistenz im Feld (KRF) untersucht. Durch rechtzeitiges Abschneiden am Stengelgrund überlebten auch stark befallene Sämlinge. Bei scharfer Sämlingsselektion (KRG≥8 behalten) blieben 24% der Ausgangszahl erhalten, aber nur 52% der vorhandenen resistenten Idiotypen mit KRF≥5 und BS≥6,4. Wurden nur Sämlinge mit KRG≥7 behalten, so gingen immer noch 8% der später erkennbaren Resistenzträger für Kraut- und Braunfäule verloren, jedoch ergab sich eine Einschränkung des Zuchtmaterials durch die Frühselektion auf 57% der Ausgangszahl. Es kam starke ontogene Prädisposition des Krautes sowohl in Richtung erhöhter Anfälligkeit als auch erhöhter Resistenz vor. Neunundreißig Braunfäuleresistenzträger waren als Sämling hoch krautfäuleanfällig. Scharfe Selektion der Sämling ist unangemessen. Für die Sortenauslese wird die Frühselektion auf Krautfäuleresistenz nicht empfohlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; Prüfungsmethodik ; Krautfäuleresistenz ; Züchtung ; S. demissum ; S. stoloniferum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Results are reported of late blight resistance inS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (adg) and its use in breeding. Tests were carried out on material of the gene bank in Gross Lüsewitz (GLKS). Seedlings were cultivated under glass cover in a 6-years test period. To examine tuber resistance toPhytophthora infestans the following test was set up: 2–5 tubers per idiotype, up to 8 idiotypes per accession and year of test were taken and 1274 different accessions were examined with an average number of 23 idiotypes and 59 tubers from each. Inoculation was made by fresh deep cuts to the pith and by subsequent immersion in a solution of zoospores, 6–9×104 ml−1 with a mixture of the pathotypes (1.2.3.4.5.7.10.11, 1.2.3.4.7.8.10 and 1.2.3.4) at a temperature of 16–18°C and at an air humidity of 〉90%. Evaluation of the presence of aerial mycelium and browning after 7 days allowed the calculation of a resistance score (BK): grade 9 (highly resistant) to grade 1 (highly susceptible). The mean values derived from the accessions (Fig. 1) revealed that a medium level of susceptibility is dominating and that they rarely exceed average levels of cultivars. Approximately 1% of the accessions contained ≥25% of idiotypes with BK ≥6 and these may be interesting for breeding purposes. Table 1 shows the analysis of accessions with the most favourable mean values. Geographic evaluation did not yield indications for a more purposeful search for sources of resistance, since detailed reports on find-spots were missing (Table 2). Combination tests withPhytophthora-resistant genes of adg for crosses of adg withS. demissum (dms) andS. stoloniferum (sto) proved to be more useful as they partly showed good heritable resistance to haulm and tuber infection ofP. infestans (Table 3). The problem of the possible role of unknown r-genes is discussed. Only a few crosses with ssp.tuberosum (tbr) generated a progeny with sufficient resistance. Selection from such progeny over several years resulted after the second year in rejections, mainly because of susceptibility for viruses, too small tubers and lack of flowering (Table 4). Results of varietal research of the former German Democratic Republic proved that with the use of suitable parents in breeding for nematode resistance,Phytophthora susceptibility from adg could be balanced off (Table 5). The cultivar Auralia is a good example of the importance of adg in achieving a high level of resistance to late blight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse systematischer Prüfung auf relative Resistenz der Knollen von 1274 Herkünften der ssp.andigena (adg) genenüberPhytophthora infestans werden mitgeteilt. Die Methode des Knöllchenstestes ermöglichte dabei das Eindringen des Pilzes direkt ins Knollenmark oder über die intakte Schale. Nur etwa 1% der Herkünfte enthielt einen Anteil von 〉25% Idiotypen mit gutem Resistenzniveau. Eine Analyse der Fundorte ergab keine Anhaltspunkte für die gezielte Suche von Resistenzquellen. Ergebnisse aus der züchterischen Nutzung von adg betreffen die phänotypische Resistenz der Nachkommen und weitere Merkmale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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