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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine gene expression in chronic periodontitis (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of clinical periodontology 28 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Cytokines play an important rôle in controlling inflammatory processes and tissue homeostasis. Periodontitis, as any other chronic inflammatory disease, results from a disarrangement of host factors, mainly cytokines and the initiating agent. Modulation of the cytokines is not only controlled by the host but also by infecting bacteria and their products.Aim: In the present study, we examined the cytokine mRNA expression profiles in six patients, each presenting sites affected with (1) severe progressive periodontitis, (2) chronic, but stable periodontal lesions, and (3) with healthy sites. Analysis using a quantitative RT-PCR included IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α.Material and Methods: 6 patients with chronic periodontitis were following treatment observed for a period of six years for local sites staying healthy, local sites with periodontal pathology but without signs of progression of attachment loss and sites with verified progression were biosied. The biopsies were lyzed and analyzed for levels of cytokine mRNAs.Results: Results revealed considerable variation not only between patients, but also between individual sites. Each patient’s site has thus to be looked at as an independent entity.Conclusions: The local action of cytokines, which is heavily dependent on recruitment, interaction and activation of immunocompetent cells can explain the site-specific nature of cytokine expression. Cytokine data from individual sites together with the local clinical status and data from the literature demonstrate the complexity of periodontal disease pathogenesis. To gain insight to specific mechanisms further studies are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028009840.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CAP defines a second signalling pathway required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 407 (2000), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Insulin stimulates the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells. Although the precise molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain uncertain, insulin initiates its actions by binding to its tyrosine kinase receptor, leading to the phosphorylation of intracellular substrates. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35025089
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical emission from a charge-tunable quantum ring (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 926-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Quantum dots or rings are artificial nanometre-sized clusters that confine electrons in all three directions. They can be fabricated in a semiconductor system by embedding an island of low-bandgap material in a sea of material with a higher bandgap. Quantum dots are often referred to as ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35016030
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Error-Rate and Decision-Theoretic Methods of Multiple Testing: Which Genes Have High Objective Probabilities of Differential Expression? (2004)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Statistical applications in genetics and molecular biology 3.2004, 1, art8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1544-6115
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Given a multiple testing situation, the null hypotheses that appear to have sufficiently low probabilities of truth may be rejected using a simple, nonparametric method based on decision theory. This applies not only to posterior levels of belief, but also to conditional probabilities in the sense of relative frequencies, as seen from their equality to local false discovery rates (dFDRs). This approach neither requires the estimation of probability densities, nor of their ratios. Decision theory can also inform the selection of false discovery rate weights. An application to gene expression microarrays is presented with a discussion of the applicability of the assumption of "clumpy dependence."
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/sagmb/vol3/iss1/art8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens using open-dosing procedures: is twice-weekly dosing possible? (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To compare opioid withdrawal symptoms during 24-, 48-, 72- and 96-hour buprenorphine dosing regimens and to evaluate subjects' preferences for these different dosing schedules. Subjects. Fourteen opioid-dependent subjects participated in this study. They received daily sublingual maintenance doses of 4 mg/70 kg (n = 4) or 8 mg/70 kg (n = 10) of buprenorphine. Intervention. In the first study subjects received, in a random order, four dosing regimens for five repetitions of each: daily maintenance doses every 24 hours (4 or 8 mg/70 kg), double the daily maintenance dose every 48 hours (8 or 16 mg/70 kg), triple the daily maintenance dose every 72 hours (12 or 24 mg/70 kg), and quadruple the daily maintenance dose every 96 hours (16 or 32 mg/70 kg). Measures of subjective and observer opioid withdrawal symptoms were assessed prior to receipt of each dose. In a second study, subjects chose between the different dosing regimens. Findings. Some withdrawal ratings increased during the less frequent dosing schedules in the first study. In the second study, 46% of subjects preferred the quadruple-every-fourth-day dosing regimen over every other option, and only 14% preferred to be dosed daily. Conclusions. These results suggest that some opioid-dependent outpatients are willing and able to endure the withdrawal symptoms associated with less than daily dosing, and a twice-weekly dosing regimen may be possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95710698.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endogenous glucocorticoids and antigen-induced acute and late phase pulmonary responses (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several studies suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids can dampen the severity of experimental allergic reactions in animals.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveTo investigate the influence that endogenous glucocorticoids have on the course of IgE-mediated pulmonary early and late phase reactions.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsTwenty-one allergic asthmatic and six healthy control subjects underwent inhaled antigen challenge with measurements of plasma cortisol and cortisone by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsThere were no differences between the asthmatic and control groups in the baseline levels of cortisol or cortisone. However, the asthmatic subjects had significantly higher cortisol levels (67.2 ± 8.6 vs 35.1 ± 4.5 ng/mL; P = 0.04) and had higher cortisol/cortisone ratios (4.8 ± 0.6 vs 3.0 ± 0.2; P = 0.01) 8 h after challenge compared to the control subjects. Among the asthmatic subjects, those whose FEV1 recovered rapidly had higher baseline levels of cortisol and those who displayed a late phase reaction had lower levels of cortisol during the late phase period.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionThe results suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids may play a significant role in the modulation of airway responses to antigen challenge, and that antigen challenge may induce cortisol production in allergic subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00890.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-sensitive foraging theory elucidates risky choices made by heroin addicts (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 99 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim  The behavioral process of risk-sensitive foraging (RSF) specifies that the level of satiation or deprivation determines choice between a constant and variable quantity of food. Specifically, RSF stipulates that organisms experiencing satiation and deprivation prefer constant (risk-averse) and variable (risk-prone) choices, respectively. The relevance of this behavioral process to risky choices of opioid-dependent patients is examined in this study.Methods  Thirty adult opioid-dependent out-patients made hypothetical choices between constant and variable heroin sources with equivalent means. Preferences for constant (e.g. three bags of heroin) and variable heroin sources (e.g. on average produces three bags of heroin, but vary from one to five bags of heroin on any instance) were assessed using questionnaires that manipulated the amount, delay to receipt and drug potency of heroin across approximately 20 levels. Subjects made choices between constant and variable options after hearing scripts describing the signs and symptoms of opioid satiation and opioid deprivation.Results  Consistent with the prediction of RSF, subjects purchased significantly more hypothetical heroin from a variable source when exposed to an opioid-deprived script than an opioid-satiated script. This pattern was observed across manipulations of heroin amount, delay to receipt of heroin and heroin potency. Selection of the variable option increased as a function of magnitude under the deprived conditions. The selection of the variable option generally did not increase as a function of magnitude under the satiated conditions except when delay to heroin delivery increased. As delay increased, selection of the variable option increased under the satiated script, but at a lower level observed with the deprived script.Conclusions  These data suggest that risky choices of heroin-dependent individuals can be understood and predicted with the application of RSF theory. This research suggests that an evolutionarily old behavioral process may contribute to the risky behavior of the drug-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00733.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examining the limits of the buprenorphine interdosing interval: daily, every-third-day and every-fifth-day dosing regimens (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. Opioid-dependent outpatients may be more likely to present for pharmacological treatment if less than daily dosing can be arranged. These studies compared opioid withdrawal symptoms during 24-, 72-, and 120-hour buprenorphine dosing regimens and evaluated participants' preferences for these different dosing regimens. Participants. Thirty-three opioid-dependent participants received daily sublingual maintenance doses of 4 mg/70 kg (n = 14) or 8 mg/70 kg (n = 19) of liquid buprenorphine. Methods. In Study I participants received, in a random order, three dosing regimens for five repetitions of each: daily maintenance doses every 24 hours (4 or 8 mg/70 kg), triple the daily maintenance dose every 72 hours (12 or 24 mg/70 kg) and quintuple the daily maintenance dose every 120 hours (20 or 40 mg/70 kg). Doses were administered under double-blind procedures, and placebos were administered on the interposed days during the latter two regimens. Subjective and observer ratings of opioid withdrawal symptoms were assessed daily prior to receipt of each dose. In Study II, a new group of participants received each of the three dosing regimens under open-dosing procedures and then chose between the different dosing regimens. Findings. Opioid withdrawal symptoms increased significantly during the every-fifth-day dosing regimen in both the blind- and open-dosing studies. In the choice phase of Study II, only one participant (7%) chose quintuple-every-fifth-day dosing over all other dosing options. Conclusions. These results suggest that the maximum duration of action of buprenorphine is less than 5 days when five times the daily maintenance dose is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9668234.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Behavioral economics examines conditions that influence the consumption of commodities and provides several concepts that may be instrumental in understanding drug dependence. One such concept of significance is that of how delayed reinforcers are discounted by drug dependent individuals. Discounting of delayed reinforcers refers to the observation that the value of a delayed reinforcer is discounted (reduced in value or considered to be worth less) compared to the value of an immediate reinforcer. This paper examines how delay discounting may provide an explanation of both impulsivity and loss of control exhibited by the drug dependent. In so doing, the paper reviews economic models of delay discounting, the empirical literature on the discounting of delayed reinforcers by the drug dependent and the scientific literature on personality assessments of impulsivity among drug-dependent individuals. Finally, future directions for the study of discounting are discussed, including the study of loss of control and loss aversion among drug-dependent individuals, the relationship of discounting to both the behavioral economic measure of elasticity as well as to outcomes observed in clinical settings, and the relationship between impulsivity and psychological disorders other than drug dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substantial Reduction of Platelet Adhesion by Heparin-Coated Stents (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of interventional cardiology 14 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1540-8183
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although optimized antiplatelet medication has improved the clinical outcome after coronary stenting, vessel occlusion and restenosis still remain a relevant clinical problem. Platelets play a key role in this process. Therefore, the authors compared the platelet adhesion on different stent surface modifications (electropolished without coating or coated with carbon, carbon and additional heparin, silicon carbide, or heparin alone) to investigate their role in reducing platelet adhesion. All stem and additional stainless steel plates were incubated in heparinized whole blood with radiolabeled platelets. Afrer washing the stents and plates four times, radioactivity caused by the adhesion of radiolabeled platelets was measured. The adhesion of radiolabeled platelets, compared to uncoated, electropolished stents, was reduced through silicon carbide coating to 58.6%, by carbon coating with additional heparin to 32.9%, and heparin coating alone to 7.7%. Stent coating with heparin is the most effective among the examined coatings in reducing platelet adhesion in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8183.2001.tb00350.x
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