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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central electron temperature enhancements due to sawtooth stabilization during counter electron cyclotron current drive in Tokamak à Configuration Variable (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 2909-2914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV), the central electron temperature obtained in discharges with counter (CNTR) electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) is larger than with CO-ECCD or electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) alone. Comparison of experimental results with calculations by the transport code PRETOR [IAEA Technical Conference on Advances in Simulation and Models of Thermonuclear Plasmas. Montreal 142 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 1992)] indicates that sawtooth stabilization is responsible for the increased confinement time and the attendant twofold enhancement of the central temperature. Sawtooth stabilization is caused in turn by the central safety factor q0 rising above 1 for CNTR-ECCD; by contrast, the simulation results show that q0〈1 in the sawtoothing CO-ECCD and ECRH cases. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.874141
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady-state fully noninductive operation with electron cyclotron current drive and current profile control in the tokamak à configuration variable (TCV) : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2199-2207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fully noninductive, steady-state electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been demonstrated for the first time in experiments carried out in the tokamak à configuration variable (TCV) [O. Sauter et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3322 (2000)]. By appropriately distributing six 0.45 MW ECCD sources over the discharge cross section, fully noninductive, stable, and stationary plasmas with Ip up to 210 kA were obtained for the full discharge duration of 1.9 s, corresponding to more than 900 energy confinement times and more than 10 current redistribution times at an average current drive efficiency η20CD=0.01[1020 A W−1 m−2]. These experiments have also demonstrated for the first time the steady recharging of the ohmic transformer using ECCD only. The effect of localized off-axis electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and EC current drive (ECCD) (co- and counter-) is investigated showing that locally driven currents amounting to only 1% of Ip significantly alter sawtooth periods and crash amplitudes. An improved quasi-stationary core confinement regime, with little or no sawtooth activity, has been obtained by a combination of off-axis ECH and on-axis CNTR–ECCD. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1355317
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melanopsin and rod–cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 424 (2003), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the mammalian retina, besides the conventional rod–cone system, a melanopsin-associated photoreceptive system exists that conveys photic information for accessory visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photo-entrainment. On ablation of the melanopsin gene, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01761
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential effects of Rho GTPases on axonal and dendritic development in hippocampal neurones (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 90 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Formation of neurites and their differentiation into axons and dendrites requires precisely controlled changes in the cytoskeleton. While small GTPases of the Rho family appear to be involved in this regulation, it is still unclear how Rho function affects axonal and dendritic growth during development. Using hippocampal neurones at defined states of differentiation, we have dissected the function of RhoA in axonal and dendritic growth. Expression of a dominant negative RhoA variant inhibited axonal growth, whereas dendritic growth was promoted. The opposite phenotype was observed when a constitutively active RhoA variant was expressed. Inactivation of Rho by C3-catalysed ADP-ribosylation using C3 isoforms (Clostridium limosum, C3lim or Staphylococcus aureus, C3stau2), diminished axonal branching. By contrast, extracellularly applied nanomolar concentrations of C3 from C. botulinum (C3bot) or enzymatically dead C3bot significantly increased axon growth and axon branching. Taken together, axonal development requires activation of RhoA, whereas dendritic development benefits from its inactivation. However, extracellular application of enzymatically active or dead C3bot exclusively promotes axonal growth and branching suggesting a novel neurotrophic function of C3 that is independent from its enzymatic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02475.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal distribution and functional characterization of the calcium channel α2δ-2 subunit (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The auxiliary calcium channel α2δ subunit comprises a family of three genes, α2δ-1 to 3, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. α2δ-2 mRNA is found in the heart, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, liver and pancreas. We report here for the first time the identification and functional characterization of α2δ-2 splice variants and their mRNA distribution in the mouse brain. The splice variants differ in the α2 and δ protein by eight and three amino acid residues, respectively, and are differentially expressed in cardiac tissue and human medullary thyroid carcinoma (hMTC) cells. In situ hybridization of mouse brain sections revealed the highest expression of α2δ-2 mRNA in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, habenulae and septal nuclei, and a lower expression in the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, as well as the inferior and superior colliculus. As the in situ data did not suggest a specific colocalization with any α1 subunit, coexpression studies of α2δ-2 were carried out either with the high-voltage-gated calcium channels, α1C, α1E or α1A, or with the low-voltage-gated calcium channel, α1G. Coexpression of α2δ-2 increased the current density, shifted the voltage dependence of channel activation and inactivation of α1C, α1E and α1A subunits in a hyperpolarizing direction, and accelerated the decay and shifted the steady-state inactivation of the α1G current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.01009.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polycapillary optic–source combinations for protein crystallography (2001)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 34 (2001), S. 330-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The work in this paper is a systematic study of the application of collimating and slightly focusing polycapillary optics to the X-ray crystallographic structure determination of egg-white lysozyme using two different sources: a standard rotating anode source and a low-power table-top microfocusing source. For the rotating anode source, a series of measurements comparing duplicate data sets obtained from the same individual crystal are summarized. Intensity and data quality are discussed for measurements with a pinhole collimator, a collimating polycapillary optic and a focusing polycapillary optic. The collected data were analyzed using conventional analysis software; limitations of the use of conventional analysis software for focused beams are discussed. Two data sets were collected using the low-power source and collimating optics, and three data sets using a lower-power source and focusing optics with three different limiting apertures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188980100468X
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Übertragung von HBV, HCV und HIV durch infektiöses medizinisches Personal – eine Übersichtsdarstellung (2000)
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 71 (2000), S. 389-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: Disease transmission – Professional-to-patient – HIV – HBV – HCV – Nosocomial infection. ; Schlüsselwörter: Infektion – Personal – Patient – HIV – HBV – HCV – nosokomiale Übertragung.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Berichte über 46 Fälle nosokomialer Übertragungen von Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) und HIV von infektiösem medizinischem Personal auf Patienten wurden zusammengestellt und analysiert. Die nosokomiale Übertragung von HBV (40 Fälle, 404 infizierte Patienten), HCV (4 Fälle, 224 infizierte Patienten) und HIV (2 Fälle, 7 infizierte Patienten) zeigt Parallelen auf. Die zahlenmäßig umfassendsten Übertragungsfälle (217 HCV-Infektionen durch einen Anaesthesist, 75 HBV-Übertragungen durch einen EEG-Laborant) werden auf unzureichende Hygienemaßnahmen zurückgeführt (hier: i. v. Drogenkonsum). Bei Einhalten der üblichen Hygienemaßnahmen besteht nur durch infektiöses chirurgisches ärztliches Personal ein Infektionsrisiko für Patienten. Tätigkeitsbeschränkungen sollten nur nach Einzelfallprüfung ausgesprochen werden. Häufig hat sich das betroffene Personal selbst an Patienten infiziert. Geräte und Arbeitsmethoden sollten regelmäßig in Bezug auf Infektionsgefährdung für Personal und Patienten überprüft werden.
    Notes: Abstract. This report analyzes 46 cases of personnel-to-patient transmissions of hepatitis B (HB), hepatitis C (HC) and HIV in health care settings. Similar circumstances were found for transmission of HB (40 cases, 404 infected patients), HC (4 cases, 224 infected patients) and HIV (2 cases, 7 infected patients). Cases with the highest number of transmissions (one anesthesiologist with 217 HC transmissions, and one EEG technologist with 75 HB transmissions) were attributed to poor infection control practices. As long as infected health care workers (HCW) adhere to general infection control measures, a risk for transmission to patients exists only from infected surgeons who perform‚xposure-prone invasive procedures’. Whether changes in duties of infected HCW are necessary should be decided on an individual basis. Often, the infected personnel were assumed to have acquired the disease occupationally. Medical practices and devices bearing a risk of infection should constantly be reviewed with regard to risk for patients and personnel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001040051070
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the dihydropyridine receptor subunits γ and α2δ on the kinetics of heterologously expressed L-type Ca2+ channels (2000)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 439 (2000), S. 691-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Auxiliary subunits DHP receptor Inactivation L-type calcium channel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ba2+ currents through L-type Ca2+ channels were measured in tsA201 cells transiently transfected with expression vectors encoding the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor subunits α1C, β1a-GFP, α2δ and γ. The subunit effect on channel function was studied by omitting either α2δ or γ from the transfection mixture and analyzing the voltage dependence and kinetics of activation, inactivation and recovery from inactivation. Activation could be described by a single exponential function while the time course of inactivation of the Ba2+ current followed a double exponential function. Progressively longer depolarization led to increasingly slower recovery, indicating the successive occupancy of several inactive states. Activation parameters remained largely unaffected in γ-deficient cells whereas the voltage dependence of inactivation was shifted by 16 mV to more positive potentials and the larger one of the two inactivation time constants was increased by one-third. On the other hand, α2δ-deficient cells showed decreased current density and slowed activation and inactivation. Recovery from inactivation was significantly slowed by γ coexpression. This and the effect of the γ subunit on steady-state inactivation were independent of the presence of α2δ. We conclude that γ stabilizes L-type Ca2+ channel inactivation in a way similar to certain Ca2+-antagonistic drugs. α2δ is not needed for this effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004249900201
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Europäische und nordamerikanische Regelungen zur Beschäftigung von HBV-, HCV- und HIV-infektiösen Personen im Gesundheitsdienst (2000)
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 71 (2000), S. 396-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: Blood-borne pathogens – Hepatitis-B virus – Hepatitis-C virus – HIV – Exposure-prone procedures. ; Schlüsselwörter: Blutübertragene Infektionserreger – Hepatitis-B-Virus – Hepatitis-C-Virus – HIV – gefahrgeneigte Tätigkeit.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In den USA (1991), Kanada (1998), im Vereinigten Königreich (1993, 1994) und in Deutschland (1999) wurden Empfehlungen zur Durchführung „gefahrgeneigter Tätigkeiten“ durch Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV)-, Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV)- und HIV-infektiöse Personen veröffentlicht. In dieser Arbeit werden die Definitionen gefahrgeneigter Tätigkeiten, die Methoden zur Reduktion der Transmission von blutübertragenen Mikroorganismen, die Impf- und Testpolitik, die Bildung eines Expertengremiums und die Frage von Rückschauuntersuchungen zusammengefaßt, die in diesen Regelungen enthalten sind.
    Notes: Abstract. In the United States of America (1991), in Canada (1998), in the UK (1993, 1994) and in Germany (1999) recommendations have been published concerning performance of „exposure-prone procedures“ (EPP) by persons infected with Hepatitis-B virus (HBV), Hepatitis-C virus (HCV) or HIV. This review summarises the definition of EPP, methods to reduce the transmission of blood-borne pathogens, immunisation and screening policies, constitution of an advisory panel and the question of trace-back investigations described in these regulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001040051071
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