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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN HUMAN MILK: Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Aspects (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 20 (2000), S. 699-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has received much attention in recent years. However, it started about a century ago with the observation that oligosaccharides might be growth factors for a so-called bifidus flora in breast-fed infants and extends to the recent finding of cell adhesion molecules in human milk. The latter are involved in inflammatory events recognizing carbohydrate sequences that also can be found in human milk. The similarities between epithelial cell surface carbohydrates and oligosaccharides in human milk strengthen the idea that specific interactions of those oligosaccharides with pathogenic microorganisms do occur preventing the attachment of microbes to epithelial cells. HMOs may act as soluble receptors for different pathogens, thus increasing the resistance of breast-fed infants. However, we need to know more about the metabolism of oligosaccharides in the gastrointestinal tract. How far are oligosaccharides degraded by intestinal enzymes and does oligosaccharide processing (e.g. degradation, synthesis, and elongation of core structures) occur in intestinal epithelial cells? Further research on HMOs is certainly needed to increase our knowledge of infant nutrition as it is affected by complex oligosaccharides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.699
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neue Rekonstruktionsmöglichkeiten von ausgedehnten Kieferdefekten mit vorbereiteten mikrovaskulären Fibulatransplantaten und ITI-Implantaten (2000)
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Mikrovaskuläre Knochentransplantate ; Präformierte Fibulatransplantate ; ITI®-Implantate ; Defektrekonstruktion ; Keywords ; Microvasculary bone flaps ; Prefabricated fibula flaps ; ITI®-Implants ; Defect reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The reconstruction of extensive jaw defects is frequently only possible with microvascular bone flaps. Here we are presenting an operative technique using prefabricated fibular flaps and osseointegrated implants. In a first operation, the fibula is prepared with implants, split skin graft, and a nonresorbable membrane. The jaw defect is reconstructed 6 weeks later and can be treated directly with a prosthesis thanks to osseointegrated implants. The technique is described with reference to 5 patients already operated according to this technique and the initial findings are evaluated.
    Notes: Die Rekonstruktion von ausgedehnten Kieferdefekten ist häufig nur mit mikrovaskulären Knochentransplantaten möglich. Es wird hier eine Operationstechnik vorgestellt, bei der die Fibula präformiert wird. In der 1. Operation werden ITI-Implantate mit SLA-Oberfläche in die Fibula eingesetzt. Die Implantate und die Fibula werden mit Spalthaut und einer 1 mm dicken, nicht resorbierbaren Membran überdeckt. 6 Wochen nach der 1. Operation erfolgt in der 2. Operation die eigentliche Rekonstruktion des Kieferdefektes. Innerhalb dieser 6 Wochen sind die Implantate osseointegriert. Die Spalthaut, die wie bei einer Vestibulumplastik mit dem Periost verwachsen ist, bildet das stabile periimplantäre Weichgewebe. Die Implantate werden intraoperativ mit der vorbereiteten Suprastruktur verschraubt und gewähren durch die präoperativ bestimmte Okklusion die korrekte Positionierung des Transplantates. Postoperativ sind zudem die sofortige Funktion und Belastung möglich. Anhand von 5 Patienten werden diese Technik beschrieben und deren Resultate ausgewertet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100060000228
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of amino acid metabolism in transformed tobacco plants deficient in Fd-GOGAT (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: α-ketoglutarate ; amino acid ; ammonium assimilation ; glutamate synthase ; Nicotiana tabacum ; transgenic plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing a partial ferredoxin-dependent glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (Fd-GOGAT) cDNA in the antisense orientation under the control of the 35S promoter, were used to study the metabolism of amino acids, 2-oxoglutarate and ammonium following the transition from CO2 enrichment (where photorespiration is inhibited) to air (where photorespiration is a major process of ammonium production in leaves). The leaves of the lowest Fd-GOGAT expressors accumulated more foliar glutamine (Gln) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) than the untransformed controls in both growth conditions. Photorespiration-dependent increases in foliar ammonium, glutamine, α-KG and total amino acids were proportional to the decreases in foliar Fd-GOGAT activity. No change in endoprotease activity was observed following transfer to air in the Fd-GOGAT transformants or the untransformed controls which has similar activities over a broad range of pH values. We conclude that several pathways of amino acid biosynthesis are modified when NH3 + and Gln accumulate in leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004715208478
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of glucose transporters in lactating human mammary gland epithelial cells (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 39 (2000), S. 194-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words SGLT1 – GLUT1 – lactation – human milk ; List of abbreviations SGLT, sodium dependent glucose transporter; GLUT, sodium independent glucose transporter; RT, reverse transcription; DIG, digoxigenin--〉
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background. Human milk contains 60–80 g/l lactose and and oligosaccharides. To synthesize this large amount of carbohydrates, the lacting mammary gland has a high demand for precursor molecules. such as glucose and galactose. Aim of the study. In the present study we investigated the molecular basis for the uptake of glucose and galactose into the human mammary gland. Methods. Using RT-PCR, Southern and Western blotting we analyzed the expression of SGLT1 (sodium glocose cotransporter 1) and GLUT1 (sodium independent glucose transporter) in epithelial cells isolated from fresh human milk. Results. Southern blot analysis of the amplications revealed the expression of SGLT1 mRNA but not of GLUT1 mRNA in milk epithelial cells. Using Western blotting, SGLT1 protein was identified in human milk cells. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that 1) the cell fraction isolated from fresh human milk is a suitable model for investigating gene expression in the human mammary gland and 2) lactating human mammary gland epithelial cells are supplied with monosaccharides mainly via SGLT1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003940070011
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