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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visible Diode Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection in Liquid Chromatography after Precolumn Derivatization of Amines (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 67 (1995), S. 1742-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00106a015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of organotin compounds in the foodweb of a shallow freshwater lake in The Netherlands (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An extensive study on the presence of nine organotin compounds (OTs) in a freshwater foodweb was made, using newly developed analytical procedures in order to obtain insight in accumulation and degradation processes. Tributyltin (TBT), Triphenyltin (TPT) and their degradation products were detected. Zebra mussels, eel, roach, bream, pike, perch, and pike perch and cormorant showed high OT body concentrations. At the lower trophic levels, phenyltin concentrations were higher in benthic species while butyltin concentrations were higher in pelagic species. This indicates that TBT is passed on primarily via the water, while TPT is passed on to a larger extent via the sediment. At the higher trophic levels, net bioaccumulation of TPT was greater than that of TBT, resulting in relatively higher TPT concentrations. High concentrations of biodegradation products of TBT, but not of TPT, were found in the livers of fish and birds, which indicates that TBT is more easily metabolized than TPT. A comparison with literature data of fish lethal body concentrations revealed that fish in the field may be endangered. With birds, the highest concentrations of OTs were present in liver and kidney and not in subcutaneous fat, which confirms that OTs accumulate via different mechanisms than traditional lipophilic compounds. As a whole the OT concentrations found in the foodweb may be considered to be quite alarming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212670
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of Organotin Compounds in the Foodweb of a Shallow Freshwater Lake in The Netherlands (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. An extensive study on the presence of nine organotin compounds (OTs) in a freshwater foodweb was made, using newly developed analytical procedures in order to obtain insight in accumulation and degradation processes. Tributyltin (TBT), Triphenyltin (TPT) and their degradation products were detected. Zebra mussels, eel, roach, bream, pike, perch, and pike perch and cormorant showed high OT body concentrations. At the lower trophic levels, phenyltin concentrations were higher in benthic species while butyltin concentrations were higher in pelagic species. This indicates that TBT is passed on primarily via the water, while TPT is passed on to a larger extent via the sediment. At the higher trophic levels, net bioaccumulation of TPT was greater than that of TBT, resulting in relatively higher TPT concentrations. High concentrations of biodegradation products of TBT, but not of TPT, were found in the livers of fish and birds, which indicates that TBT is more easily metabolized than TPT. A comparison with literature data of fish lethal body concentrations revealed that fish in the field may be endangered. With birds, the highest concentrations of OTs were present in liver and kidney and not in subcutaneous fat, which confirms that OTs accumulate via different mechanisms than traditional lipophilic compounds. As a whole the OT concentrations found in the foodweb may be considered to be quite alarming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900115
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    At-line SPE–GC–MS of micropollutants in water using the PrepStation (1999)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 364 (1999), S. 106-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An automated at-line SPE–GC–MS system for the determination of micropollutants in aqueous samples, which is based on the PrepStation and uses large-volume on-column injections, has been redesigned. A cartridge made from stainless steel and polychlorotrifluoroethylene and a 2-needle system was constructed which allow the determination of micropollutants at the low ng/L level without interferences from impurities extracted from the septa of the vials or the commercial cartridges. No time-consuming pre-cleaning of the cartridges or septa is required. The SPE sample extract (300 μL) is transferred from the sample preparation module to the autosampler of the GC–MS and 50 or 100 μL are injected. The analytical characteristics of the integrated procedure such as analyte recovery (typically 80–105%) and repeatability (RSDs, 2–9%), were satisfactory. Several micropollutants were detected in (unfiltered) river water at the 0.2–400 ng/L level using full-scan MS acquisition. The system proved to be robust during the analysis of more than 100 tap and river water samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051308
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of D- and L-amino acids in biological samples by two-dimensional column liquid chromatography (1995)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 41 (1995), S. 6-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Two-dimensional separation ; D- and L-amino acids ; Enantioseperation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A two-dimensional, column liquid chromatographic system is used for the determination of the D- and L-enantiomers of amino acids in biological samples. Separation of the amino acids is first on ion-exchange column by gradient elution with a sodium citratesodium chloride buffer. Enantioseparation is by subsequent injection of 3 μl heart-cuts of the individual amino acids onto a second column with a chiral crown ether stationary phase. Finally, fluorescence detection is after post-column labelling of the amino acids using ano-phthalaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol reagent solution. The high separation power and selectivity of the system allow processing of complex samples with hardly any additional treatment and the determination of small quantities of D-amino acids in the presence of excess L-form. Applicability of the system is illustrated by the determination of D- and L-aspartate, serine, glutamate and alanine in various complex biological samples, such as protein hydrolysates, urine and biotechnological and food samples. Data are given on detectability, repeatability and linearity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274188
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single short-column liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical lonization-(tandem) mass spectrometric detection for trace environmental analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 42 (1996), S. 506-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Single short-column LC ; On-column sample enrichment ; Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ; LC-tandem MS ; Environmental analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Single short, i.e. ca 2-cm long, high-pressure-packed columns coupled with mass spectrometric (MS) or tandem MS detection enable rapid trace-level determination and identification of environmental pollutants in water samples. In this study an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface has been used and the overall set-up was tested with a mixture of seventeen pesticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, phenylureas and triazines. For the majority of the test analytes, the most prominent peaks in the positive-ion APCI-MS spectra resulted from protonated molecules. For fifteen out of the seventeen pesticides short-column liquid chromatography (LC)-APCI-MS of water samples as small as 15 mL resulted in detection limits between 0.03 and 5 μg L−1 in full-scan mode and between 2 and 750 ng L−1 by selected ion monitoring (SIM), both recorded in the positive-ion mode. Production spectra from protonated molecules of the majority of the selected pesticides present at a level of 0.1 μg L−1 in tap water are successfully identified from a search against a pesticide MS-MS library compiled in-house. This short-column LC-APCI-MS(-MS) approach has, on the basis of full-scan positive-ion data and their product-ion spectra, also been used to confirm the identity of target compounds and to identify unknown organic micropollutants in environmental waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290284
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometric detection for the nanogram per liter analysis of trace pollutants in aqueous samples (1997)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 44 (1997), S. 372-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Solid-phase extraction ; Gas chromatography ; Ion trap tandem mass spectrometry ; Water samples ; Environmental analysis ; Pesticides ; Bromide ; Nitrite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary On-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatographyion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS/MS) has been used for the trace-level determination of polar and apolar pesticides. The SPE-GC interface, an Autoloop 2000, was operated at an injection temperature of 90°C which permitted the determination of thermolabile pesticides such as carbofuran and carbaryl. Rectilinear calibration curves were obtained for the analytes tested over a range of 0.1–500 ng L−1, using a sample volume of 10–100 mL for enrichment on an SPE cartridge packed with styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. The detection limits for the pesticides were in the 0.01–4 ng L−1 range. For a number of pesticides acceptable tandem mass spectra were obtained at levels as low as 0.1 ng L−1 level in real-life water samples. As a demonstration of the applicability of this technique for inorganic anions, bromide and nitrite were converted into 4-bromoacetanilide and 2-phenylphenol, respectively. The reaction products were pooled and subjected to simultaneous analysis by the present method using full-scan mass spectrometric detection. The detection limits were 0.3 and 2 ng L−1, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466313
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line sample treatment—capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 313-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample pretreatment ; Coupling on-line to capillary GC ; Robotization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Sample pretreatment is often the bottleneck of a tracelevel analytical procedure. In order to increase performance, increasing attention is therefore being devoted to combining sample pretreatment on-line with the separation technique that has to be used. In the present review, a variety of procedures in use today for sample treatment coupled on-line to capillary gas chromatography (GC) is briefly discussed. Special attention is devoted to coupled-column techniques such as SPE-GC and LC-GC (SPE, solid-phase extraction; LC, column liquid chromatography) which are topics of much current interest, also because of their frequent use in so-called hyphenated systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466538
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data correlation in on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-atomic emission/mass spectrometric detection of unknown microcontaminants (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission and MS detection ; Solid-phase extraction ; Aqueous samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is described for the (non-target) screening of hetero-atom-containing compounds in tap and waste water by correlating data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) using atomic emission (AED) and mass selective (MS) detection. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was coupled on-line to both GC systems to enable the determination of microcontaminants at the 0.02–1 μg L−1 level in 7–50 mL of aqueous sample. The screening was limited to compounds present in at least one heteroatom-selective GC-AED trace above a predetermined concentration level. These compounds were identified by their partial formulae (AED) and the corresponding mass spectra, which were obtained from the GC-MS chromatogram via the retention index concept. The potential of the approach was demonstrated by the identification of target compounds as well as all unknowns present in tap and waste water above the predetermined threshold of 0.05 μg L−1 (tap water) or 0.5 μg L−1 (waste water).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467683
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential of short-column liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection for the rapid study of pesticide degradation (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Short-Column LC ; Environmental water samples ; MS-MS detection ; Pesticide degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The applicability of solid-phase extraction-LC using two short columns (SPE-LC) and/or single-short-column liquid chromatography (SSC) combined on-line with tandem mass spectrometry (MS) was demonstrated for the rapid study of pesticide degradation. A fast analytical procedure was developed to provide preliminary information concerning experimental conditions, approximate rates of degradation and identity of the degradation products. Surface water samples were spiked at relevant concentration levels with well-known microcontaminants and photolysis was used to transform parent compounds into their degradation products. In general, the strategy was as follows: at 30-min intervals 10-mL samples were on-line enriched, separated by short-column LC and recorded in full-scan MS to obtain information on the disappearance of the parent compound and the appearance of breakdown products. To obtain structural information, product-ion spectra of selected compounds appearing in the full-scan MS chromatogram were recorded; this enabled the identification of several degradation products. Total analysis time of enrichment/separation and detection was about 10–15 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466637
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