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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 191 (1961), S. 1087-1088 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A column of skim milk in a 250-ml. cylinder was frozen between - 5 and - 10 C. The frozen column was taken out and allowed to thaw at room temperature (24-27 C.) in about 2-5 hr. The melted column showed a graded separation, ranging from solid concentration at the bottom to a thin, watery layer at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 682-683 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The effect of molecular weight and of specific gravity on the cryoscopic effect was examined by freezing and thawing a mixture of solutes of different molecular weights and specific gravitie A solution of alum (aluminium and potassium sulphates), copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate of a strength ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Substituted phenethyl alcohols ; Oxidation ; Chloramine-T ; Kinetics ; Linear free energy relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von sechsp-substituierten Phenethylalkoholen (PEA), R=−H, −Cl, −Br, −OCH3 und NO2) mit Natrium-N-chlor-p-toluolsulfonamid (Chloramin-T,CAT) in Gegenwart von HCl bei 35°C wurde untersucht. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit ist in bezug auf [CAT]0 und [H+]0 ester und hinsichtlich [PEA]0 und [Cl]0 gebrochener Ordnung. Variation der Ionenstärke, Zusatz von Reaktionsprodukt oder Toluolsulfonamid und Variation der Dielektrizitätskonstante des Mediums haben keinen Einfluß auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit Der Lösungsmittel-Isotopeneffekt $$k_{H_2 0}^\prime /k_{D_2 0}^\prime $$ beläuft sich auf etwa 0.90. Die Protonenbilanz wurde in H2O-D2O Mischungen untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeiten korrelieren zufriedenstellend nach derHammettschen Beziehung. Die Reaktionskonstante wurde mit ρ=−3.3 für elektronenabgebende und ρ=−0.25 für elektronenanziehende Substituenten bei 35°C bestimmt. Die Aktivierungsparameter ΔH #, ΔG #, ΔG # und logA wurden abgeleitet; ΔH # und ΔS # korrelieren linear, und eine isokinetische Beziehung mit β=166.7K weist auf die Entropie als kontrollierenden Faktor hin.
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the oxidation of sixp-substituted phenethyl alcohols (PEA, R=−H, −Cl, −Br, −CH3, −OCH3, and -NO2) by sodium-N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide (chloramine-T,CAT) in the presence of HCl was studied at 35°C. The rate shows a first order dependence on [CAT]0 and [H+]0 and a fractional order in [PEA]0 and [Cl−]0. Ionic strength variations, addition of reaction product toluene sulfonamide, and variation of the dielectric constant of the medium have no effect on the rate. The solvent isotope effect $$k_{H_2 0}^\prime /k_{D_2 0}^\prime $$ amounts to about 0.90. Proton inventory studies have been made in H2O-D2O mixtures. The rates correlate satisfactorily withHammett's relationship. The reaction constant ρ was −3.3 for electron releasing substituents and −0.25 for electron withdrawing groups at 35°C. The activation parameters ΔH #, ΔS #, ΔG #, and logA were derived. ΔH # and ΔS # are linearly related, and an isokinetic relationship is observed with β=166.7K, indicating entropy as a controlling factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: diphenylmethanols ; chloramine-B ; oxidation ; kinetics, HCl medium ; ruthenium(III) ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ---The kinetics of oxidation of six para-substituted diphenylmethanols (Y-DPM, where Y=H, Cl, Br, NO2, CH3 and OCH3) by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulphonamide [chloramine-B (CAB)] in the presence of HCl and catalysed by RuCl3 in 30% (v/v) methanol medium was studied at 35 °C. The experimental rate law is rate=k′[CAB]0[DPM]x0[RuCl3]y[H+]z, where x, y and z are fractions. Addition of reaction product, benzenesulphonamide (BSA), retards the reaction. An increase in the dielectic constant of the medium decreases the rate. Rate studies in D2O medium showed that the solvent isotope effect k′(H2O)/k′(D2O)=0·53. Proton inventory studies were carried out using H2O-D2O mixtures. The rates correlate satisfactorily with the Hammett σ relationship and the plot is biphasic. The reaction constant ρ is -2·8 for electron-releasing groups and -0·31 for electron-withdrawing groups at 35 °C. The activation parameters ΔH
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 9 (1996), S. 279-286 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the oxidation of six substituted phenethyl alcohols by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulphonamide or chloramine-B (CAB) in the presence of HCl was studied at 35°C. The rate shows a first order dependence on [CAB]0 and [H+] and is of fractional order in [PEA]0 and [Cl-]. Ionic strength variations, addition of the reaction product of benzenesulphonamide and variation of the dielectric constant of the medium have no effect on the rate. The solvent isotope effect k1H2O/k1D2O ≅ 0·78. Proton inventory studies were made in H2O-D2O mixtures. The rates correlate satisfactorily with Hammett's LFER. The reaction constant ρ was -3·5 for electron-releasing substituents and -0·30 for electron withdrawing groups at 35°C. Activation parameters ΔH
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 9 (1996), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the oxidation of six substituted phenethyl alcohols by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulphonamide or chloramine-B (CAB) in the presence of HCl was studied at 35°C. The rate shows a first-order dependence on [CAB]0 and [H+] and is fractional order in [PEA]0 and [Cl-]. Ionic strength variations, addition of reaction product of benzenesulphonamide and variation of the dielectric constant of the medium have no effect on the rate. The solvent isotope effect k1H2O/k1D2O ≅ 0·78. Proton inventory studies were made in H2O-D2O mixtures. The rates correlate satisfactorily with the Hammett linear free energy relationship. The reaction constant ρ was -3 · 5 for electron-releasing and -0·30 for electron-withdrawing groups at 35°C. Activation parameters ΔH*, ΔS*, ΔG* and log A were calculated for the reaction. An isokinetic relationship is observed with β = 338 K, indicating enthalpy as a controlling factor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 30 (1998), S. 7-19 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Manganese(III) solutions were prepared by known electrochemical methods in sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and pyrophosphate media. The nature of the oxidizing species present in manganese(III) solutions was characterized by spectrophotometric and redox potential measurements. Kinetics of oxidation of L-glutamine by manganese(III) in sulfuric acid (1.5 M), acetic acid (60% v/v), and pyrophosphate (pH=1.3) media at 313 K, 323 K, and 328 K, respectively, have been studied. Three different rate laws have been obtained for the three media. Effects of varying ionic strength, solvent composition, and added anions, such as fluoride, chloride, perchlorate, pyrophosphate, and bisulfate, have been investigated. There is evidence for the existence of free radicals as transient species. Activation parameters have been evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring plots. Mechanisms consistent with the observed kinetic data have been proposed and discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet: 30: 7-19, 1998.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 28 (1996), S. 265-274 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of oxidation of the title substrates by sodium N-haloarylsulfonamides (or ary-N-haloamines), chloramine-T (CAT), bromamine-T (BAT), chloramine-B (CAB), and bromamine-B (BAB), catalyzed by osmium(VIII) in alkaline medium has been studied at 30°C. The corresponding oxindoles and arylsulfonamides have been characterized as reaction products. The reaction rate shows a first-order dependence each on |indole|0 and |oxidant|0, a fractional-order on |Os(VIII)|, and an inverse first-order on |OH-|. Addition of arylsulfon-amide, chloride and bromide, and variation of ionic strength of the medium have no effect on the reaction rate. There is a negative effect of dielectric constant of the solvent. Activation parameters have been calculated from the Arrhenius and Eyring plots. Hammett correlation of substituent effects indicates an LFE relationship with ρ = -1.0, showing the formation of an electron deficient transition state. From enthalpy-entropy relationships and Exner correlations, the isokinetic temperatures (333 K and 326 K) have been determined for the reactions of CAT and BAT, respectively. Proton inventory studies in H2O-D2O mixtures have shown the involvement of a single exchangeable proton of OH- ion in the transition state. A mechanism consistent with the observed kinetics has been proposed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 29 (1997), S. 773-780 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of oxidation of benzhydrol and its p-substituted derivatives (YBH, where Y=H, Cl, Br, NO2, CH3, and OCH3) by sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide or chloramine-T (CAT), catalyzed by ruthenium(III) chloride, in the presence of hydrochloric acid in 30% (v/v) MeOH medium has been studied at 35°C. The reaction rate shows a first-order dependence on [CAT]O and a fractional-order each on [ YBH]O, [Ru(III)], and [H+]. The reaction also has a negative fractional-order (-0.35) behavior in the reduction product of CAT, p-toluenesulfonamide (PTS). The increase in MeOH content of the solvent medium retards the rate. The variation of ionic strength of the medium has negligible effect on the rate. Rate studies in D2O medium show that the solvent isotope effect, k′H2O/k′D2O, is equal to 0.60. Proton inventory studies have been made in H2O(SINGLEBOND)D2O mixtures. The rates correlate satisfactorily with Hammett σ relationship. The LFE relationship plot is biphasic and the reaction constant ρ=-2.3 for electron donating groups and ρ=-0.32 for electron withdrawing groups at 35°C. Activation parameters ΔH≠, ΔS≠, and ΔG≠ have been calculated. The parameters, ΔH≠ and ΔS≠, are linearly related with an isokinetic temperature β=334 K indicating enthalpy as a controlling factor. A mechanism consistent with the observed kinetics has been proposed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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