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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical perineuronal nets in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica): a distribution pattern contrasting with that shown in placental mammals (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 197 (1998), S. 249-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Neocortex ; Hippocampus ; Extracellular space ; Perineuronal net ; Marsupials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Extracellular matrix proteoglycans accumulated in perineuronal nets and in certain neuropil zones have been shown to influence the immediate neuronal microenvironment, and to contribute to the chemoarchitectonic characteristics of neuronal networks. Studies in different placental mammals, including the human, have suggested that the major principles of extracellular matrix distribution remained constant during phylogenesis of the different mammalian strains. However, the comparison of matrix distribution between various species also indicates that striking deviations from the basic pattern may occur, although their functional significance appears unknown as yet. This study examines the extracellular matrix in the forebrain of a basic American marsupial, which has evolved independently of placental mammals for more than 100 million years. Brain sections obtained from adult gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica) were stained for extracellular matrix components using the N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), a polyclonal antibody against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG), and biotinylated hyaluronectin for the detection of hyaluronan. In subcortical regions, the distribution patterns of WFA-stained and CSPG-immunoreactive perineuronal nets were similar to those reported previously in placental mammals. In contrast, a unique distribution was found in the neocortex. This distribution was characterized by the presence of perineuronal nets around pyramidal cells and matrix components within the adjacent neuropil that together form a continuously labeled zone in layer V. Weakly stained nets ensheathed less numerous pyramidal cells in the upper layers II/III and a few multipolar cortical neurons. Dual staining experiments showed that cortical net-associated neurons were rarely immunopositive for parvalbumin. This fact, in addition to the predominant association of extracellular matrix components with layer V pyramidal cells, differentiates the neocortex in Monodelphis from that of all placental mammals studied to date. Regarding the basic phylogenetic position of this marsupial species it remains to be shown if these distribution characteristics of extracellular matrix may represent also a basic feature of cortical organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050135
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astroglial interlaminar processes in the cerebral cortex of prosimians and Old World monkeys (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 197 (1998), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Glia ; Visual cortex ; Frontal cortex ; Brain organization and development ; Primate cerebral cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous observations have shown that astrocytes with interlaminar processes are present in the cerebral cortex of humans and New and Old World monkeys, but not in the rodent. The present report furthers the analysis of possible evolutionary aspects regarding the expression of such astroglial features. A comparison between young and adult Microcebus murinus, a prosimian, and Old World monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Papio hamadryas) is presented. Brain samples were processed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, MAP2 and SMI 311 immunocytochemistry, using different procedures. The cerebral cortex of adult Microcebus showed the presence of long astroglial processes, albeit reduced in number and length with respect to those observed in Old World monkeys. Macaca and Papio showed dense packing of such processes extending in most cortical regions to a depth of approximately 700 micrometers. Based on double immunolabelling for GFAP and MAP 2 antigens, the location and extent of these processes was shown to overlap with areas traversed by bundles and individual apical dendrites. Aged Old World specimens depicted an increased thickness of terminal portions of interlaminar processes, with increased morphological alterations. Comparisons made between the average thickness of the ”brush” composed of interlaminar processes and the thickness of lamina I among the species analyzed disclosed an absence of relationship between them. This suggests that interlaminar processes do not represent cellular adaptations to the increase in thickness in superficial cortical laminae, but rather to some other evolutionary pressure. Since astroglial interlaminar processes are already present in a prosimian, although in a comparatively reduced manner, it is suggested that such processes underwent an early expression within the primate order, with increasing presence in more recent primate species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050147
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the rat dorsal and ventral striatopallidal system A study using the GABAA-receptor α1-subunit and parvalbumin immunolabeling (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 121 (1998), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words GABAA-receptor α1-subunit ; Parvalbumin ; Striatum ; Pallidum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The ventral striatum is more closely related to limbic brain regions than the dorsal striatum in spite of the remarkable similarities in the structural organization between these two brain regions. The present study is focused on the comparison of ventral striatopallidal territories and the dorsal striatopallidal system regarding the GABAA-receptor α1-subunit and parvalbumin immunoreactivity, as these markers showed specific distribution patterns and coexpression sites in the more intensely studied dorsal regions. Our investigations revealed that: (1) Parvalbumin single-labeled cells and a moderate number of neurons single-labeled with the GABAA-receptor α1-subunit exist not only in the dorsal but also in the ventral striatum, including the striatal cell bridges. In addition, morphologically similar neurons positive for the α1-subunit were also found in the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. (2) A small number of double-labeled neurons was seen not only in dorsal but also in ventral striatal regions. Such cells were mainly located near the border with the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum. They are likely to represent a further type of striatal neuron. (3) The vast majority of neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus, the homologue of the primate internal globus pallidus segment, coexpressed α1-subunit and parvalbumin immunoreactivity, as reported previously for the other pallidal compartments. (4) The islands of Calleja adjoining the ventral pallidal extensions in the olfactory tubercle exhibited a strong α1-subunit immunoreactivity in the neuropil as well as somata single- or double-labeled for both markers. Our findings indicate that the dorsal and ventral striatopallidal compartments are similarly organized in general with respect to the occurrence and distribution of single- and double-labeled parvalbumin-immunoreactive and GABAA-receptor α1-subunit-immunoreactive neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050454
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations of Müller (glial) cells in dystrophic retinae of RCS rats (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 24 (1995), S. 507-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have carried out a light microscopical study of Müller cells in the retinae of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy (Royal College of Surgeons rats). Isolated retinae of both control and Royal College of Surgeons rats were exposed to a Procion Yellow solution which is taken up selectively into Müller cells. The shape of the cells was then studied by confocal microscopy. Enzymatically isolated Müller cells were studied immunocytochemically with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein, cathepsin D, β-amyloid precursor protein, bcl-2 protooncogene product, and glutamine synthetase. Müller cells from RCS retinae were shorter than those from control retinae, and showed a coarse hypertrophy of their distal (sclerad) processes. In Müller cells isolated from the retinae of Royal College of Surgeon's rats, the expression of glial fibrilliary acidic protein, cathepsin D, β-amyloid precursor protein and bcl-2 protooncogene product was increased, and the expression of glutamine synthetase was reduced. Obviously, loss of neighbouring neurons leads to major alterations of both the shape and metabolism of Müller cells. The expression of enzymes that serve functional glio-neuronal interactions, such as glutamine synthetase, seems to be down-regulated, whereas proteins involved in cell reconstruction (cathepsin D), cell repair (possibly β-amyloid precursor protein), and protection against apoptotic cell death (bcl-2 protooncogene product), are up-regulated, together with the ‘pathological marker’ glial fibrilliary acidic protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01179976
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