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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase in muscle from Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients before and after intensive insulin treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 82-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; gene expression ; skeletal muscle ; glycogen synthase ; phosphofructokinase ; hexokinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to determine whether short-term appropriate insulinization of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in longterm poor glycaemic control (HbA1C〉9.5%) was associated with an adaptive regulation of the activity and gene expression of key proteins in muscle glycogen storage and glycolysis: glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase, respectively. In nine diabetic patients biopsies of quadriceps muscle were taken before and 24-h after intensified insulin therapy and compared to findings in eight control subjects. Subcutaneous injections of rapid acting insulin were given at 3-h intervals to improve glycaemic control in diabetic patients (fasting plasma glucose decreased from 20.8±0.8 to 8.7±0.8 mmol/l whereas fasting serum insulin increased from 59±8 to 173±3 pmol/l). Before intensified insulin therapy, analysis of muscle biopsies from diabetic patients showed a normal total glycogen synthase ctivity but a 48% decrease (p=0.006) in glycogen synthase fractional velocity (0.1 mmol/l glucose 6-phosphate) (FV0.1) and a 45% increase (p=0.01) in the half-maximal activation constant of glycogen synthase (A0.5). The activity of phosphofructokinase and the specific mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels of both glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase were similar in the two groups. The 2.8-fold increase in serum insulin levels and the halving of the plasma glucose level for at least 15 h were associated with a normalization of glycogen synthase fractional activity (FV0.1) and of the half-maximal activation constant (A0.5) whereas the enzyme activity of phosphofructokinase and the mRNA and protein levels of both glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase remained normal. In conclusion: 1) Reduced allosterical activation of glycogen synthase in muscle of Type 1 diabetic patients in poor metabolic control occurs in the presence of normal total activity as well as normal immunoreactive protein mass and mRNA level of glycogen synthase. 2) Changes in serum insulin within the physiological range play no role in the short-term regulation of glycogen synthase mRNA and protein abundance in muscle from Type 1 diabetic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428782
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 438-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; diabetic nephropathy ; apolipoprotein(a) ; cardiovascular disease ; lipid metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative mortality from cardiovascular disease is on average increased five-fold in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy compared to non-diabetic subjects. We assessed the possible contribution of dyslipidaemia in general and elevated serum apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) in particular. Type 2 diabetic patients with normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria were compared with healthy subjects. Each group consisted of 37 subjects matched for age, sex and diabetes duration. Serum creatinine in the nephropathy group was 105 (54–740) Μmol/l. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease (resting ECG, Minnesota, Rating Scale) was 57, 35, 19 and 2% in macro-, micro- and normoalbuminuric diabetic patients and healthy subjects, respectively. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease was higher in all diabetic groups as compared to healthy subjects (p〈0.05), and higher in macroalbuminuric as compared to normoalbuminuric diabetic patients (p〈0.01). There was no significant difference between apo(a) in the four groups: 161 (10–1370), 191 (10–2080), 147 (10–942), 102 (10–1440) U/l (median (range)) in macro-, micro- and normoalbuminuric groups and healthy subjects. Serum total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not significantly different when comparing healthy subjects and each diabetic group. Apolipoprotein A-I was lower (p〈0.05) in all diabetic groups as compared to healthy subjects (nephropathy vs healthy subjects): 1.50±0.25 vs 1.69±0.32 g/l (mean ± SD). Triglyceride was higher (p〈0.05) in patients with nephropathy and microalbuminuria as compared to healthy subjects (nephropathy vs healthy subjects): 2.01 (0.66–14.7) vs 1.09 (0.41–2.75) mmol/l (median (range)). Apolipoprotein B was higher (p〈0.02) in patients with nephropathy as compared to the other three groups (nephropathy vs healthy subjects): 1.54±0.47 vs 1.33±0.30 g/l. In conclusion, our case-control study has confirmed that Type 2 diabetic patients with increased urinary albumin excretion frequently suffer from dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. However, our study revealed no significant elevation in serum concentration of apo(a) in patients with diabetic nephropathy, but numbers were small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402281
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing incidence of early onset Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a study of Danish male birth cohorts (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; incidence ; trends ; seasonality ; duration of symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To provide information of the incidence trends of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus we performed a cohort study of a series of Danish male birth cohorts. All male livebirths in Denmark between 1 January 1949 and 31 December 1964, were investigated regarding the development of Type 1 diabetes during the first 20 years of life using the files of the Danish Conscript Board, supplemented by a search in the Danish National Registry of Deaths. Diagnosis was verified and clinical information obtained from medical records. The material is estimated to be more than 95 % complete. A total of 1705 diabetic subjects were identified of whom 23 were not representative of idiopathic Type 1 diabetes. The cumulative rate of Type 1 diabetes development during the first 20 years of life increased from 2.37 to 2.90 per 1000 for the first eight and last eight birth cohorts, respectively. A log-linear analysis of the incidence revealed significantly increasing incidence rates, independent of age effects, with a maximum in the late 1970's. About 75 % of the cases presented short duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis, and only very few cases were diagnosed incidentally. Cases were diagnosed relatively less frequently during summer months than during winter months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402552
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment in diabetic nephropathy (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 447-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma lipoproteins ; albuminuria ; diabetic nephropathy ; glomerular filtration rate ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effect of simvastatin on plasma lipoproteins and renal function in hypercholesterolaemic Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Twenty-six hypercholesterolaemic (total cholesterol ≽ 5.5 mmol/l) Type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy were enrolled in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study for 12 weeks. The active treatment group (n -14) received simvastatin (10–20 mg/day) for 12 weeks while the remaining 12 patients received treatment with placebo. The results during simvastatin treatment (baseline vs 12 weeks): total cholesterol 6.6 vs 4.8 mmol/1 (p 〈 0.01), LDL-cholesterol 4.25 vs 2.57 mmol/l (p 〈 0.01) and apolipoprotein B 1.37 vs 1.06 mmol/l (p 〈 0.01). HDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I remained unchanged. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein A–I, apolipoprotein B remained unchanged during placebo treatment. Albuminuria measured during the simvastatin and the placebo treatment (baseline vs 12 weeks) (the data are logarithmically transformed before analysis because of their positively skewed transformation; geometric mean (×/÷ antilog SE) is indicated) was 458 (×/÷ 1.58) vs 393 (×/÷ 1.61) and 481 (×/÷ 1.62) vs 368 (×/÷ 1.78 μg/min (NS). Glomerular filtration rate during simvastatin and placebo treatment (baseline vs 12 weeks) was 64 vs 63 and 72 vs 74 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2, respectively. Two patients receiving simvastatin treatment were withdrawn, one due to gastrointestinal side effects and one due to myalgia. In conclusion, our short-term study in Type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy did not reveal any beneficial effect on albuminuria despite a striking lipid-lowering effect of simvastatin in diabetic nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342442
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase in muscle from Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients before and after intensive insulin treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 82-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, gene expression, skeletal muscle, glycogen synthase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to determine whether short-term appropriate insulinization of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in long-term poor glycaemic control (HbA1C〉9.5 %) was associated with an adaptive regulation of the activity and gene expression of key proteins in muscle glycogen storage and glycolysis: glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase, respectively. In nine diabetic patients biopsies of quadriceps muscle were taken before and 24-h after intensified insulin therapy and compared to findings in eight control subjects. Subcutaneous injections of rapid acting insulin were given at 3-h intervals to improve glycaemic control in diabetic patients (fasting plasma glucose decreased from 20.8±0.8 to 8.7±0.8 mmol/l whereas fasting serum insulin increased from 59±8 to 173±3 pmol/l). Before intensified insulin therapy, analysis of muscle biopsies from diabetic patients showed a normal total glycogen synthase activity but a 48 % decrease (p =0.006) in glycogen synthase fractional velocity (0.1 mmol/l glucose 6-phosphate) (FV0.1) and a 45 % increase (p =0.01) in the half-maximal activation constant of glycogen synthase (A0.5). The activity of phosphofructokinase and the specific mRNA and immunoreactive protein levels of both glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase were similar in the two groups. The 2.8-fold increase in serum insulin levels and the halving of the plasma glucose level for at least 15 h were associated with a normalization of glycogen synthase fractional activity (FV0.1) and of the half-maximal activation constant (A0.5) whereas the enzyme activity of phosphofructokinase and the mRNA and protein levels of both glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase remained normal. In conclusion: 1) Reduced allosterical activation of glycogen synthase in muscle of Type 1 diabetic patients in poor metabolic control occurs in the presence of normal total activity as well as normal immunoreactive protein mass and mRNA level of glycogen synthase. 2) Changes in serum insulin within the physiological range play no role in the short-term regulation of glycogen synthase mRNA and protein abundance in muscle from Type 1 diabetic patients. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 82–90]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050076
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GPS relative positioning at a precision level of one part per billion (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 67 (1993), S. 91-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Six days of data from the GIG'91 experiment have been analyzed with a fiducial strategy. The results obtained with our orbital software GEOSAT, show daily horizontal and length repeatabilities at the level of 1 part in 109 plus 2 mm for baseline lengths up to 4000 km. A direct comparison with results from the GIPSY software shows, with some exceptions, mean differences at the sub-cm level. After transformation to ITRF'90 the rms of the coordinate differences is 14.8 mm. Studies of orbital predictions and comparisons with external high precision orbits indicate a mean orbit precision and accuracy of around 35 cm in each cartesian coordinate. Correlations between the GEOSAT and GIPSY solutions indicate some common model deficiencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01371373
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Faecal enzymes: in vivo human skin irritation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Digestive enzymes in faeces have been reported to posses skin irritation potential. The present study was designed to investigate the in vivo irritant potentials of faecal concentrations of proteolytic and lipolytic digestive enzymes in bile salt mixtures. In a 21-day cumulative irritation assay, clinical evaluation and noninvasive bioengineering techniques were used. 5 days occlusive exposure to phosphate buffer (pH = 8) caused no visual skin damage but reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated significant vasodilation (p 〈 0.01) and increases in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH were also observed (p 〈 0.01). These increases were still present at days 12 and 19. Occlusive exposure to physiologic concentrations of faecal enzymes resulted in significant visual and objective scores at day 5, 12, and 19, with increased readings as a function of exposure time (p 〈 0.01). The enzyme mixture containing lipase caused delayed onset of skin erythema and epidermal barrier disruption compared to elastase and chymotrypsin containing solutions. Prolonged occlusive exposure to digestive enzymes in faecal concentrations caused severe skin erythema and epidermal barrier disruption in a human model, suggesting a possible etiologic role of digestive enzymes in perianal, circumstomal or diaper dermatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb00696.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erythema induced by organic solvents: in vivo evaluation of oxygenized and deoxygenized haemoglobin by reflectance spectroscopy (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 27 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective: (i) using a new non-invasive technique capable of evaluating quantitatively and qualitatively the haemoglobin content of the skin (ii) to evaluate delipidization induced by organic solvents. Patients: 11 Caucasians treated for 1 min in a randomized manner on the volar forearm with a mixture of chloroform/methanol (2: 1) (CM) and ether/acetone (1:1) (EA) to delipidize the skin. Method erythema was evaluated by computerized remittance spectroscopy immediately after delipidization and hourly for 2 h. Results: only CM application induced subjectively observed and objectively quantified erythema. Erythema was related to a significant increase in oxygenized haemoglobin content due to dilatation of arterioles in the subpapillary plexus (P〈0.01). The increased blood flow induced a significant (P〈0.01) reduction in de-oxygenized haemoglobin in venous vessels immediately after CM application. Conclusion: short contact with certain potent solvent mixtures causes erythema, possibly due to massive lipid extraction and damage of the skin barrier. Using computerized remittance spectroscopy the visible erythema was composed of an increase in oxygenized haemoglobin and a relative decrease in deoxygenized haemoglobin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb05190.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure to Induce Long-term Depression by an Anti-Correlation Procedure in Area CA1 of the Rat Hippocampal Slice (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have independently in our two laboratories re-examined the report by Stanton and Sejnowski (Nature, 339, 215 – 218, 1989) that single stimuli to a test pathway in area CA1 of the hippocampal slice, when delivered between short bursts of stimuli to a second, convergent pathway, produce an associative long-term depression (LTD) in the test pathway. While robust associative LTP was observed when stimuli to the two inputs were correlated in time, the anti-correlation procedure failed to induce LTD; rather, a trend towards potentiation was observed. This result was obtained using both submerged and interface chambers, and in two different strains of rat. A transient depression lasting for a few minutes could usually be elicited by strong tetanic stimulation; this depression was not restricted to activated pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00909.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy doping effects in the diffusion of group IV and V impurities in silicon (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 691-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Studies of the diffusion of Ge, Sn, As, and Sb in Si at high donor concentrations provided by phosphorous doping have been performed. It is found that for donor concentrations, CD below ∼2×1020 cm−3, the diffusivity depends linearly on CD; for doping concentrations above ∼2×1020 cm−3, however, the diffusivity increases dramatically with increasing donor concentrations. This behavior has been successfully modeled within the vacancy–percolation model, and it is concluded that collective phenomena play a significant role at high donor concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353324
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