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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatography-olfactometry of orange juice to assess the effects of plastic polymers on aroma character (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 40 (1992), S. 650-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00016a026
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological and biochemical bases of defense mechanisms in four species of Polybranchioidea ascoglossan molluscs (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 117 (1993), S. 367-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The multiple defensive strategies of four Mediterranean ascoglossan molluscan species, belonging to two different Polybranchioidea families, Cyerce cristallina (Trinchese, 1881) and Caliphylla mediterranea (Costa A., 1869) (Polybranchiidae), and Ercolania funerea (Costa A., 1867) and Placida dendritica (Alder and Hancock, 1843) (Stiligeridae), were studied. E. funerea, P. dendritica and C. mediterranea were collected from the lake Fusaro (Arco Felice, Naples) in 1992. C. cristallina was collected from Capo Miseno (Bay of Naples) in 1991. C. cristallina and E. funerea easily undergo autotomy of dorso-lateral appendages (cerata) followed by an extraordinarily quick (8 to 10 d) regeneration of the latter. Histological analyses showed the presence, at the basis of both normal and regenerated cerata of these species, of a muscular sphincter which facilitates the autotomic process. C. mediterranea and P. dendritica, which do not undergo autotomy, lack this anatomical feature but feed upon algae belonging to the Chaetomorpha and Bryopsis genera, and, as shown by electron microscopy studies, retain large quantities of chloroplasts which they use as camouflage amidst algae and to escape predation. E. funerea also exploits this behavioral defense mechanism. Histological investigations also revealed in the cerata of all four species several multi-cellular mucous glands responsible for the secretion of the slime typical for these molluscs. C. cristallina, E. funerea and P. dendritica secrete large amounts of slime, whose extracts displayed ichthyotoxic activity when assayed by the Gambusia affinis ichthyotoxicity assay, while extracts of C. mediterranea slime were not toxic. A chemical analysis of the slime, mantle and cerata led to the isolation of polypropionate α- and γ-pyrones from all species except C. mediterranea. These secondary metabolites possess structures that differ only by the degree of methylation and the geometry of double bonds of the side chain and are specifically distributed in cerata and slime of C. cristallina and E. funerea. The pyrones also display different activities in the Hydra vulgaris regeneration assay and in the G. affinis ichthyotoxicity test and, depending on their structural features and tissue distribution, are likely to play a role either as defense allomones or as supportive inducers of cerata regeneration. In conclusion, combined biological observations and histological and chemical techniques generated valuable information on the defensive behavior of these four ascoglossan species which exploit various combinations of the same behavioral and/or chemical defensive strategies and thus successfully avoid predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349312
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histological and chemical study of the cerata of the opisthobranch molluscTethys fimbria (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 111 (1991), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tethys fimbria is a poorly studied nudibranch that, recently, has been shown to possess large amounts of unusual prostaglandin (PG) derivatives. The cerata ofT. fimbria collected in the Bay of Naples (Italy) between November 1990 and January 1991 were submitted to histological analysis. This revealed the presence of both longitudinal and transverse smooth muscle fibres together with multicellular defensive glands, responsible for the typical spontaneous contractions of the cerata and for the extrusion of a hyaline secretion, respectively. A role forT. fimbria cerata in mollusc defense behaviour is suggested. Chemical analysis of the cerata led to the isolation of high levels of prostaglandin free acids (PGs) and of PG-1,15-lactones of the E, A and F series, whereas the secretion contained only PG-1,15-lactones of the E and A series. The latter were found to be toxic to mosquito fish at concentrations ranging between 1 and 10 µg ml−1, whereas PG free acids and PG-1,15-lactones of the F series were not toxic. The possibility that PGE- and PGA-1.15-lactones areT. fimbria defense allomones is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319406
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of a peculiar plant-herbivore relationship: the photosynthetic ascoglossan Elysia timida and the chlorophycean Acetabularia acetabulum (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 112 (1992), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ascoglossan mollusc Elysia timida Risso, 1818 retains functional chloroplasts from its algal food, the chlorophycean Acetabularia acetabulum (L.). Photosynthates from the plastids are an important source of organic nutrients for the mollusc. Chloroplast exploitation has an ecological function, allowing the ascoglossan to live entirely on an algal diet which is of limited, seasonal availability to other herbivores. Between October 1987 and July 1988, the annual evolution of the molluscan and algal populations was studied in a cove of Mazarrón Bay, southeast Spain. The population density of the mollusc is highly dependent on its food supply, being controlled by the seasonal life cycle of the algal population. During its life cycle, the degree of grazing by the mollusc decreases with increasing algal calcification, the cell walls of the alga progressively calcify, and the eventually highly calcificied stalks are completely resistant to ascoglossan grazing. In contrast, the exploitation of the algal chloroplasts retained by the molluscs increases during the seasonal cycle. The progressively increasing scarcity of food during the seasonal cycle may have led to the retention of symbiotic chloroplasts by E. timida. The developmental strategy of the ascoglossan also changes during the year: when food is abundant (in November, December, January, February and March) it is direct, with no planktonic larval phase, when food is scarce (in October, April, May and June) it is lecithotrophic, with a short planktonic larval phase. Chloroplast retention acts as a buffer, alleviating the effects of annual changes in density, structure and abundance of the alga on the nutritional state of the molluse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346186
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dinucleotides and G + C content in human genes: Opposite behavior of GpG, GpC, and TpC at II-III codon positions and in introns (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 37 (1993), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Human genome ; Dinucleotides ; Introns ; II-III codon positions ; G + C content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the behavior of the dinucleotide preferences under G + C content variation in human genes. The doublet preferences for each dinucleotide were compared between two functionally distinct zones in genes, the II-III codon positions, and the introns. The 16 dinucleotides have been tentatively classified in three groups: AA, AC, CC, CT, and GA, doublets showing no difference between introns and II-III codon positions in the full range of G + C variation TG and TA, which differ in the full range of G + C variation AT, AG, GT, TC, TT, GG, GC, CG, and CA, which show differences in regions over 50% G + C A remarkable pattern observed concerns the behavior of GG, GC, and TC, which showed opposite trends in II-III codon positions and in introns. If codon positions and introns are under the same structural requirements and the same mutational bias, our results indicate that the differences observed could be related to post-transcriptional constraints acting on mRNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407348
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bi12(Bi0.5IIITl0.5III)O19.50 (1994)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 50 (1994), S. 656-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270193011205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 13 (1994), S. 549-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine the usefulness of samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in establishing the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, quantitative cultures of BAL and protected specimen brush (PSB) samples obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscope were compared in 42 patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Direct examination of BAL fluid was also used to identify cells with intracellular organisms. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was diagnosed in 18 patients; a total of 39 microorganisms were recovered from BAL fluid and 29 from PSB specimens. Cultures of 21 BAL and 23 PSB specimens were sterile. Quantitative BAL and PSB cultures coincided in 76 % of cases. Sterile BAL and PSB cultures agreed in 87 % of cases. Cultures were completely discordant in only three cases. The sensitivity of BAL for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia using bacterial counts of ≥104 cfu/ml was 89 %, and specificity was 100 %. In 14 of the 18 patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, the percentage of cells containing intracellular organisms in specimens recovered by BAL was 11.6 % versus 0.45 % in patients without pneumonia (p〈0.05). In the remaining four patients, all of whom hadPseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, no intracellular organisms could be detected. Using a cut-off point of ≥ 5 % of cells with intracellular organisms, the sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 67 % and 96 %, respectively. The results confirm the usefulness of the quantitative BAL culture (with a cut-off at 104 cfu/ml) for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The identification of intracellular organisms in BAL fluid is a good early indicator of pneumonia, but the sensitivity of this technique may be lower forPseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01971305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A randomized study of mitoxantrone plus cytarabine versus daunomycin plus cytarabine in the treatment of previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 69 (1994), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia ; Adult patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between May 1985 and November 1988, 143 adult patients with previously untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were randomized to receive mitoxantrone and cytarabine (MTT+Ara-C) or daunomycin and cytarabine (DNM+Ara-C) in order to compare the efficacy and acute and chronic toxicities. Therapy consisted of 3 days of MTT 12 mg/m2/i.v. or DNM 45 mg/m2/i.v.; both groups received Ara-C 100 mg/m2 daily by continuous infusion (CI) for 7 days. Those who failed to achieve a complete remission after one induction course received a second induction course for 2 and 5 days at the same doses. All the patients who achieved complete remission received two consolidations of 2 days of MTT or DNM and 5 days of Ara-C in CI at the same dose as for induction. Of the 72 patients on MTT+Ara-C, 38 (53%) achieved complete remission, compared with 29 (43%) of 67 treated with DNM+Ara-C. Three and 5 patients had partial remission, 7 and 18 failed to respond, 24 and 15 died in the first 21 days of induction, of those treated with MTT+Ara-C or DNM+Ara-C, respectively (p=0.34). Median duration of complete remission and survival was 185 and 103 days or 165 and 160 days, respectively (p=0.85). More early deaths were observed with MTT+Ara-C due to greater myelosuppression, and a higher incidence of failure with DNM+Ara-C. No significant differences between treatment groups were observed in 21 categories of adverse events. The results demonstrate similar incidence of complete response, length of duration of complete remission, overall survival, and toxicity with MTT+Ara-C and DNM+Ara-C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01757342
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer of secondary metabolites from the spongesDysidea fragilis andPleraplysilla spinifera to the mantle dermal formations (MDFs) of the mudibranchHypserlodoris webbi (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 510-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Nudibranch ; Hypselodoris ; sponge ; Dysidea ; Pleraplysilla ; Microciona ; furanosesquiterpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The opisthobranch molluscHypselodoris webbi is able to select, among its potential preys, sponges chemically rich in furanosesquiterpenoids. The sequestered secondary metabolites act as defensive allomones against predators and are accumulated in some dorsal glands (MDFs). This transfer from sponges to MDFs has been proven by maintainingH. webbi together with some selected sponges in an aquarium for a prolonged period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01920760
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of a dietary sesterterpenoid in the Mediterranean nudibranchHypselodoris orsini (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 582-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Nudibranch ; sponge ; Cacospongia mollior ; Hypselodoris orsini ; sesterterpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic relationship between the marine molluscHypselodoris orsini and the spongeCacospongia mollior has been reinvestigated. The predator-prey association has been confirmed even though the metabolic patterns of the two invertebrates are substantially different. Most probably the nudibranch converts the main sponge metabolite, the sesterterpenoid scalaradial (1), into a less oxygenated related metabolite, deoxoscalarin (4), followed by a second chemical transformation leading to a new sesterterpenoid, 6-keto-deoxoscalarin (5) which is selectively compartmentalized into some dorsal glands, mantle dermal formations (MDFs), strategically distributed near the gills. 6-keto-deoxoscalarin (5) has been characterized by 1D and 2D NMR methods. Finally, the unusual association of some Chromodorididae molluscs with sponges containing sesterterpenoids suggests a further analysis of their taxonomical collocation is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955168
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