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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 145 (1986), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Essential fatty acids ; Delta-6-desaturase ; Nigeria ; Protein energy malnutrition ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid (FA) composition of the main plasma lipids was analysed in eight well-nourished, generally healthy Nigerian children aged 14.1±7.2 months and in 17 malnourished children (8 marasmus, 9 kwashiorkor) aged 14.6±3.8 months within the first 2 days of admission at the Dept. of Child Health, University of Benin. In comparison to the control group, the malnourished children showed a marked decrease of polyunsaturated FA with low linoleic acid, mainly in sterolesters (STE), and severely reduced linoleic acid metabolites, including arachidonic acid, in all lipid fractions. ω-3-FA were not altered except for a reduction of docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in phospholipids. Clearly increased values were found for saturated FA in STE and for the non-essential monoenoic FA in all lipid classes. This pattern indicates the presence of essential fatty acid deficiency in the malnourished children. There was no significant difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor. Eight malnourished children were followed up in the early phase of recovery during hospital treatment 14.0±3.1 days after obtaining the first sample. Linoleic acid had increased again in STE, but its metabolites were as low or even lower than before. An impaired activity of delta-6-desaturase, the rate limiting enzyme of linoleic acid metabolism, in suggested by elevated substrate-product-ratios of this enzyme in untreated children with protein energy malnutrition and in the early phase of recovery, which may be due to low insulin levels, protein and zinc deficiency. The trientetraen-ratio (20∶3ω9/20∶4ω6) thus is not a reliable indicator of essential FA status in protein-energy malnutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Essential fatty acids ; Plasma ; Developing countries ; Africa ; Child nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid status of an unselected group of 84 Congolese children was determined by estimating the fatty acid composition of the plasma phospholipid (PL) and cholesterolester (CE) fractions using capillary gas chromatography. In comparison with North American and European children a wide range of values and low mean percentages (related to the fatty acids of a chain length of 14–24 carbon atoms) were found for the following fatty acids (mean±SD): linoleic acid (LA) (PL: 17.19±3.85; CE: 40.13±7.72); arachidonic acid (AA) (PL: 6.60±2.28; CE 4.32±1.71); dihomo-gammalinolenic acid (DHLA) (PL: 1.80±0.68; CE 0.41±0.22). On average, ω3 fatty acids were higher than in reference groups, while similar values were found for the monoenoic and ω9 fatty acids. No sample contained eicosatrienoic acid, 20:3ω9 (ETA) which, dependent on analytical methods, may be difficult to separate from behenic acid (22:0). Changes in the relation between the two lipid fractions occurred when the LA content in CE was less than 35%. Also the correlation between LA and AA in CE, which was significant below 35% LA (r=0.84), changed with higher values for LA (r=0.01). These findings may indicate that alterations in fatty acid metabolism occur when LA values in CE — which are supposed to be directly related to the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids — fall below 35% of all fatty acids in this lipid fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 92-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1985), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Acrodermatitis enteropathica ; Zinc deficiency ; Essential fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid composition of different plasma lipid fractions has been estimated in a 6-month-old girl with acrodermatitis enteropathica before and after zinc supplementation. Linoleic acid and its metabolites were extremely reduced in triglycerides and sterol-esters. In contrast, n-3-fatty acids were increased in sterol-esters and phospholipids. Zinc supplementation led to quick clinical improvement, and linoleic and arachidonic acid increased rapidly in triglycerides and sterol-esters to the values of healthy infants. Fatty acids of phospholipids remained relatively stable. Our finding could be explained by impaired enteral absorption of linoleic acid. Further attention should be directed to the supply and metabolism of essential fatty acids in acrodermatitis enteropathica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Plasma proteins ; Immunoglobulins ; Circulating immune complexes ; Anthropometry ; Developing countries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nutritional status of an unselected group of 111 children from the village of Bouansa, People's Republic of the Congo, was studied. Comprehensive clinical examinations, anthropometrical measurements and analysis of albumin, prealbumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgG- and IgM-circulating immune complexes (CIC) were carried out. The results show, by anthropometrical classification, a high prevalence of moderate malnutrition. Low levels of plasma proteins and high levels of immunoglobulins and CIC were found. No correlation between anthropometrical classification and plasma proteins was established. Children with increased levels of CRP showed low prealbumin values and increased levels of ferritin. Patterns of immunoglobulins and CIC were close to those found in other studies in tropical countries. To evaluate the anthropometrical and biochemical findings it is necessary to take into consideration the apparently healthy appearance of the children, which shows the degree of adaptation to the limited availability of food and the high rate of acute and chronic infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency ; Hyperammonaemia ; Plasma arginine ; Management of metabolic disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a male with a partial defect of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) we observed that maintenance of arginine supply was crucial for adequate metabolic control in conjunction with a low protein diet. The arginine supplement had to be given such that the concentrations of arginine and ornithine in plasma were above 50μmol/l. It appears that arginine is needed not only as an essential amino acid for protein synthesis but also as a precursor of ornithine. In this patient the substitution thus aimed at increasing the intramitochondrial ornithine in order to reach a critical substrate concentration for the kinetically abnormal OTC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Infant feeding ; Lipid metabolism ; Essential dietary requirements ; Fatty acid desaturation ; Chain-elongation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different diets on the percentage content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP; metabolites of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids) in plasma lipids was studied in 29 premature infants on days 4 and 21 of life. Eleven infants were fed human milk which supplies LCP (1.7% of the fatty acids), 10 a commercially available milk formula without LCP, and 8 a new formula enriched with LCP of the omega-6 and the omega-3 series (0.5% LCP). LCP values in plasma lipids remained stable during the observation period in infants fed human milk. In contrast, LCP decreased markedly in plasma lipids of infants fed the conventional formula. Since the precursor fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids were high in their diet and plasma, this finding indicates that premature infants have a limited capacity for LCP biosynthesis and may require their dietary supplementation. Infants fed the LCP enriched formula had significantly higher LCP proportions in plasma lipids than infants given the conventional formula, but less than infants fed human milk. Our results demonstrate that small concentrations of dietary LCP have marked effects on plasma lipid composition, particularly on phospholipids, suggesting that dietary LCP are preferentially channelled into structural lipids. We conclude that the essential fatty acid status of formula-fed premature infants can be improved by a supplementation of omega-6- and omega-3-LCP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Manganese ; Prolidase ; Arginase ; Iminodipeptides ; Prolidase deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Manganese was measured in blood of a patient with prolidase deficiency by neutron activation analysis. The manganese content of packed blood cells was 48.9 ng/g wet weight (controls 18.4±4.3 ng/g wet weight). It was proportionately increased in whole blood, whereas the serum manganese concentration was unchanged. The erythrocyte arginase activity was reduced to 46% of the mean control value. The reduced activities of two manganese-dependent enzymes, prolidase and arginase in erythrocytes in combination with an increased manganese content cannot be explained at the moment and leads to the speculation that manganese is inaccessible for enzyme activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 27 (1988), S. 266-271 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: nut-nougat cream ; transfatty acids ; hydrogenatedvegetable oil ; Nußnougat-Creme ; trans-Fettsäuren ; gehärtetePflanzenfette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In zwölf verschiedenen Sorten von Nußnougat-Creme wurde die Fettsäurezusammensetzung einschließlich der trans-Fettsäuren mittels Kapillargaschromatographie untersucht. Die Cremes bestanden hauptsächlich aus Zucker und teilweise gehärteten Pflanzenfetten. In den verschiedenen Sorten betrug der gravimetrisch ermittelte Fettgehalt zwischen 30 und 38,2%. Die verschiedenen Cremes wiesen deutliche Unterschiede in ihrer Fettsäurekomposition auf. Der Gehalt an Linolsäure, der wichtigsten mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäure, schwankte zwischen 12 und 39%. Der Anteil an Palmitinsäure (16∶0), die den Hauptanteil an den gesättigten Fettsäuren ausmachte, variierte zwischen 9 und 27%. Der Gesamtgehalt an trans-Fettsäuren lag zwischen 0,9 und 12,3%, nur zwei Cremes enthielten weniger als 1 %. 18∶1t stellte den größten Anteil an allen trans-Fettsäuren, während 14∶1t und 16∶1t nur in Spuren gefunden wurden. Drei Proben enthielten die Linolsäure-Isomere 18∶2tt, 18∶2ct und 18∶2tc, jeweils in einem Bereich zwischen 0,7 und 1,06% der Gesamtfettsäuren; in den restlichen Cremes wurden davon nur Spuren nachgewiesen. Unsere Untersuchungen wiesen trans-Fettsäuren in jeder Form von Nußnougat-Creme nach. Da mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen der Aufnahme von trans-Fettsäuren und der Entstehung von Tumorerkrankungen und Arteriosklerose ungeklärt sind, sollten andere Herstellungsverfahren verwendet werden, um die trans-Fettsäuren aus den genannten Produkten zu eliminieren, zumal diese bevorzugt von Kindern als Brotaufstrich verzehrt werden.
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid composition including trans fatty acids of 12 brands of nut-nougat creams were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The creams consisted mainly of sugar and partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. The lipid content, which was quantified gravimetrically, amounted to between 30 and 38.2 % in the different brands. The fatty acid composition varied considerably between the different creams. Linoleic acid, the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), ranged from 12 to 39%. Palmitic acid (16∶0), which was the main fatty acid, varied from 9 to 27 %. The total trans fatty acid content of the 12 creams ranged from 0.9 to 12.3 %. Only two of the creams contained less than 1% of trans fatty acids; 18∶1t was the trans fatty acid found in the greatest amounts, whereas 16∶1t and 14∶1t were only found in trace amounts. Three samples had amounts of 18∶2tt, 18∶2ct, and 18∶2tc between 0.7 and 1.06%; only small amounts of linoleate isomers were detected in the other creams. Our results show that trans fatty acids are present in every brand of chocolate cream tested. Since the potential risk of arteriosclerosis and cancer resulting from the consumption of trans fatty acids is not yet clear, different ways of production should be used in order to eliminate them from the creams that are a preferred bread spread of infants and children.
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