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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 145 (1986), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Essential fatty acids ; Delta-6-desaturase ; Nigeria ; Protein energy malnutrition ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid (FA) composition of the main plasma lipids was analysed in eight well-nourished, generally healthy Nigerian children aged 14.1±7.2 months and in 17 malnourished children (8 marasmus, 9 kwashiorkor) aged 14.6±3.8 months within the first 2 days of admission at the Dept. of Child Health, University of Benin. In comparison to the control group, the malnourished children showed a marked decrease of polyunsaturated FA with low linoleic acid, mainly in sterolesters (STE), and severely reduced linoleic acid metabolites, including arachidonic acid, in all lipid fractions. ω-3-FA were not altered except for a reduction of docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in phospholipids. Clearly increased values were found for saturated FA in STE and for the non-essential monoenoic FA in all lipid classes. This pattern indicates the presence of essential fatty acid deficiency in the malnourished children. There was no significant difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor. Eight malnourished children were followed up in the early phase of recovery during hospital treatment 14.0±3.1 days after obtaining the first sample. Linoleic acid had increased again in STE, but its metabolites were as low or even lower than before. An impaired activity of delta-6-desaturase, the rate limiting enzyme of linoleic acid metabolism, in suggested by elevated substrate-product-ratios of this enzyme in untreated children with protein energy malnutrition and in the early phase of recovery, which may be due to low insulin levels, protein and zinc deficiency. The trientetraen-ratio (20∶3ω9/20∶4ω6) thus is not a reliable indicator of essential FA status in protein-energy malnutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 58 (1989), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Hepatitis B virus ; Children ; Sicklecell anemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Screening of 143 children 6 months to 12 years of age with sickle-cell anemia showed that 39.2% were HBsAg-positive as compared with 19.3% of the 161 control children of the same age group, who had Hb genotype AA (χ2=14.7383; P〈0.001). Fifty percent of the HbSS children under the age of 1 year were HBsAg-positive as opposed to 4.3% of the control group (χ2=9.1955; P〈0.001), while 28.6% of patients were HBsAg-positive at the age of 4 years compared with only 7.4% of the controls at the same age. The incidence of anti-HBc in both groups was similar. Markers of HBV infection (HBsAg + anti-HBc) were, however, on the whole higher in the patients with sickle-cell anemia [88/118 (74.6%)] than in the controls [54/88 (61.3%; P〈0.005)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Infantnutrition ; breastfeeding ; lactation ; lipids ; fatty acids ; Säuglingsernährung ; Stillen ; Laktation ; Lipide ; Fettsäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fettsäuren in reifer Muttermilch von 10 Frauen aus einer ländlichen Region Nigerias wurden mit hochauflösender Kapillar-Gaschromatographie untersucht und mit früher erhobenen Ergebnissen aus der Milch von 15 deutschen Frauen verglichen. Die Frauenmilch in Nigeria enthält signifikant höhere Anteile an gesättigten Fettsäuren (Median 54,07 vs. 42,76 Gew.-%). Dieser Unterschied entsteht vorwiegend durch hohe Anteile an Laurin- (C 12:0, 8,34%) und Myristinsäure (C14:0, 9,57%), aber nicht an mittelkettigen Fettsäuren (C8:0, C10:0), wahrscheinlich als Folge einer vermehrten De-novo-Fettsäuresynthese bei den afrikanischen Frauen mit einer kohlenhydratreichen und fettarmen Ernährung. Wesentlich niedrigere Anteile der Ölsäure und der Summe an Monoenfettsäusen (22,82 vs. 37,98%) sowie der trans-isomeren Fettsäuren (1,20 vs. 4,40%) in nigerianischer Frauenmilch dürften aus der niedrigen Nahrungszufuhr an tierischen bzw. partiell gehärteten Fetten resultieren. Obwohl sich in beiden Gruppen ähnliche Gehalte an Linolsäure finden, zeigen die afrikanischen Milchproben höhere Werte für Arachidonsäure und die Summe der n-6-langkettigen Polyenfettsäuren mit 20 und 22 Kohlenstoffatomen (LCP). Der n-6-LCP-Gehalt der Frauenmilch korreliert nicht mit dem Präkursor Linolsäure und scheint nicht von der mütterlichen Nahrungsaufnahme an präformierten LCP aus tierischen Fetten abhängig zu sein. Sehr hohe Werte ergeben sich für n-3-LCP in der Milch der nigerianischen Frauen, bei denen ein relativ großer Anteil der Nahrungsfette durch Seefisch beigetragen wird. Dabei bleibt aber Docosahexaensäure die quantitativ wichtigste n-3-LCP-Fettsäure in der Milch und wird nicht von Eicosapentaensäure verdrängt. Wir folgern, daß der LCP-Gehalt der Frauenmilch nicht allein von der Zusammensetzung der mütterlichen Ernährung abhängt, sondern zusätzlich durch metabolische Prozesse reguliert wird. Wir spekulieren, daß eine solche metabolische Regulation einen Schutzmechanismus für das gestillte Kind darstellen könnte, durch den die kindliche Nahrungszufuhr der physiologisch wichtigen LCP relativ konstant gehalten wird.
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid composition of mature human milk from 10 rural Nigerian women was analyzed by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography and compared to previously determined results on mature human milk from 15 German mothers. Human milk of the Nigerian group contains significantly higher proportions of saturated fatty acids (median 54.07 vs. 42.76% wt/wt). The difference is primarily caused by high values for lauric (C12:0, 8.34%) and myristic acids (C14:0, 9.57%), but not of medium chain fatty acids (C8:0, C10:0), presumably due to increased de novo fatty acid synthesis in the African women consuming a high carbohydrate and low-fat diet. Markedly lower values of oleic and total cismonounsaturated (22.82 vs. 37.98%) as well as trans-isomeric fatty acids (1.20 vs. 4.40%) in Nigerian milk appear to result from low dietary intakes of animal and partially hydrogenated fats, respectively. Although percentage contribution of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) is similar, arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and total n-6 long-chain polyunsaturates with 20 and 22 carbons (n-6 LCP) are higher in the African samples. N-6 LCP secretion with human milk lipids is not correlated to the precursor linoleic acid and seems not to depend on maternal dietary intake of preformed dietary LCP with animal fats. N-3 LCP are very high in milk of the Nigerian women who obtain a large portion of dietary lipids from sea fish, but even then docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) and not eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3) is the predominant n-3 LCP in milk. We conclude that, in addition to dietary effects, metabolic processes regulate the milk content of n-6 and n-3 LCP. We speculate that such metabolic regulation may protect the breastfed infant by providing a relatively constant supply of the physiologically important LCP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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