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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of lignocellulosic wastes for production of cellulase by Trichoderma reesei (1987)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 26 (1987), S. 485-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei using inexpensive lignocellulosic material was examined. Sulfite pulp used as standard substrate yielded 3.7 IU/ml filter paper units (FPU) and 2.15 IU/ml β-glucosidase. The yield was 185 FPU per gram total carbohydrate (CH) in the fermentation medium. Steam treated wheat straw (2%) gave 1.9 FPU/ml, 0.83 IU/ml β-glucosidase and 151 FPU/g CH, whereas the spent fibres remaining after enzymatic hydrolysis of steamed wheat straw gave 2.4 FPU/ml, 1.55 IU/ml β-glucosidase and 147 FPU/g CH. A good substrate (3%) was also the combustible fraction of municipal waste (BRAM) treated with NaOH, which gave 2.5 FPU/ml, 0.86 IU/ml β-glucosidase and 130 FPU/g CH. A further increase in the final enzyme titer is obtainable by increasing the substrate concentration. In shake cultures 5% steamed wheat straw gave 3.8 FPU/ml and 1.95 IU/ml β-glucosidase. Untreated wheat straw gave only low final enzyme titers and low yields of FPU/g CH. In the case of lignocellulosic substrates a constant pH-value of pH 6.0 during the fermentation gave optimal yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253537
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cellulases by a wild strain of Gliocladium virens: optimization of the fermentation medium and partial characterization of the enzymes (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 601-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The medium composition was optimized on a shake-flash scale for production of cellulases by Gliocladium virens using the Graeco-Latin square technique. With the optimized medium 0.33 units of filter paper (FP)-cellulase, 1.52 units of β-glucosidase, and 30.45 units of xylanase were produced per millilitre of culture filtrate at 120 h of fermentation. In a laboratory fermentor the lag phase was much reduced and 0.25 units of FP-cellulase, 0.77 units of β-glucosidase, and 24.04 units of xylanase were obtained per millilitre of culture filtrate at 39 h. Characterization of the enzymes with respect to pH and temperature optima, and pH and heat stabilities indicated that cellulases and xylanase of G. virens have properties comparable to those of Trichoderma reesei and some other fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270803
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    295. Fremdkörper, Ruptur und Perforation der Speiseröhre (1985)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 366 (1985), S. 704-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Foreign body ; Rupture ; Perforation ; Esophagus ; Fremdkörper ; Ruptur ; Perforation ; Oesophagus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 1968–1983 haben wir 114 Fremdkörper beobachtet. 94 konnten endoskopisch and 7 chirurgisch entfernt werden, 13 gingen per vias naturales ab. Von 1961–1983 wurden 11 Patienten mit einer Ruptur and 104 Patienten mit einer Perforation der Speiseröhre behandelt. Ursachen der Rupturen waren 9 Boerhaave-Syndrome und 2 Thoraxtraumen, die der Perforationen iatrogene Verletzungen, Tumore and direkte Traumen. Therapie der Wahl ist die chirurgische Versorgung (Naht oder Resektion). Die Letalität steigt mit dem Intervall zwischen Verletzung und Therapie. Bei Verdacht auf Läsion ist eine intensive radiologische and endoskopische Diagnostik sowie eine sofortige chirurgische Intervention anzustreben.
    Notes: Summary Between 1968 and 1983 we saw 114 foreign bodies in the esaphagus: 94 were extracted by endoscopy and 7 by surgical procedures; 13 passed per vias naturales. From 1961 to 1983 we treated 11 patients with ruptures and 104 patients with perforations of the esophagus. The causes of the ruptures were Boerhaave's syndrome (9) and thoracic trauma (2). The causes of the perforations were iatrogenic injuries, tumors, and direct traumas. A surgical procedure (suture or resection) is the treatment of choice. Mortality increases with the interval between the lesion and therapy. If an esophagal lesion is suspected, intensive radiological and endoscopic diagnosis and early surgical intervention are most important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01836893
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrostatic hyperfine interactions in Y(Fe, Al)2 (1986)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 28 (1986), S. 1017-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Room temperature57Fe Mössbauer and X-ray diffraction measurements are reported for Y(FexAl1−x)2, 0.1⩽x 0.9. For x⩽0.65 broadened and on the Al-rich side structurized Bragg-peaks are observed. The asymmetry of the quadrupole split Mössbauer spectra depends on x. Whereas two different slopes are obtaind for the concentration dependence of the mean quadrupole splitting on the Al- and the Fe-rich side, the isomer shift exhibits a smooth dependence on x, which can be correlated to the change in volume caused by the Al substitution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02061617
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mössbauer diffraction on ferroelectric Li2Ge7O15 (1986)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 29 (1986), S. 1351-1353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Room temperature Mössbauer diffraction experiments on Li2Ge7O15 are reported. Due to the presence of additional lattice points near the surface of the Ewald sphere of the used geometry a minimum appears in the inelastically scattered contribution of the 0-0-8 reflection. No elastically scattered intensity is observed at the angular range corresponding to the 0-0-9 reflection supporting Pbcn as space group at room temperature. The calculated ratio of the first order thermal diffuse scattered intensity included, in the background to the total thermal diffuse scattered intensity differs strongly from the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399484
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GC column effluent splitter for problematic solvents introduced in large volumes: Determination of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in triglyceride matrices as an application (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11 (1988), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solvents and GC detectors ; Coupled HPLC-GC ; Column effluent splitter ; Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Introduction of solutions of up to several milliliters by on-column injection of large volumes or by coupled HPLC-GC may cause problems with GC detectors (FID, AFID, MS). For instance, dichloromethane forms large amounts of hydrochloric acid and carbon black in FIDs.A column effluent splitter was developed for keeping the major portion of the solvent vapors away from the detector; approximately 99% of the vapor is vented while the remaining 1% of vapor is used for detecting the widths of the solvent peaks. During analysis, the split ratio is reversed by a strong increase of the resistance to the gas flow through the split exit line.The system was used for the determination of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) in triglyceride matrices of various foods. Direct determination by HPLC is not sufficiently sensitive, whereas direct analysis by GC is hindered by the triglycerides. Solutions of fats or oils were pre-separated on a silica column using dichloro-methanelcyclohexane 1:l with addition of 0.05 % acetonitrile as eluent. The HPLC fraction containing the DEHP was transferred to GC through a loop-type interface using concurrent solvent evaporation. Detection limits were around 0.1 ppm.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240110135
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of Trichoderma reesei cellulase on cellulose: Experimental data and their analysis by different equations (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 853-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei MCG 77 on Avicel was measured at varying cellulase (2-8 g/L) and Avicel (10-200 g/L) concentrations at pH 4.8 and 50°C. Different mathematical equations were derived for the evaluation of the experimental data. The fraction of cellulase protein that can maximally be adsorbed is 0.96, and 1 g Avicel can bind maximally 0.092 g cellulase protein. The Michaelis constant for the adsorption equilibrium [cellulase] + [Avicel] ⇌ [cellulase Avicel] complex is between 2.0 and 2.3 · 10-5 mol/L. This value is based on the assumption that cellulase has an average molecular weight of 48.000. The apparent molecular weight of Avicel, i.e., that amount in grams that can bind 1 mol cellulase, is 520,000. Under maximum binding the enzyme covers on Avicel a surface of 42 m2/g, and the occupied volume is 0.186 cm3/g Avicel.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320703
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on a wild strain of Schizophyllum commune: Cellulase and xylanase production and formation of the extracellular polysaccharide Schizophyllan (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 30 (1987), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A wild strain of schizophyllum commune (Fr:Fr:) isolated in Bangladesh produced cellulase and xyianase in high yields as well as the exobiopolymer schizophyllan. It was found experimentally that concentrations of 4% Avicel, 3.5% peptone, and 0.5% Ca(NO3)2·4H2O were optimal for growth and product formation. Bacto-peptone was found to be the most suitable substrate of a number of casein, mycological, and meat peptone preparations for enzyme production. Young plate-culture inocula (4 days) were found to be better than comparatively aged fungal cultures (14 days). With the optimized medium, 5 units filter paper (FP) cellulase, 1244 units xylanase, 108 units β-glucosidase, and 65 units of carboxymethyl (CM) cellulase per mL culture filtrate were obtained in shake flasks. In a laboratory fermentor the respective enzyme activities were 4.5 units FP-cellulase, 1200 units xylanase, 100 units β-glucosidase, and 60 units CM-cellulase per mL culture filtrate. A biopolymer, reported to be active against can cerous cells, was an additional product in addition to the enzymes.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260300206
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of the hydrolysis of cellulose (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1221-1234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relationship among extent of hydrolysis, reaction time, and enzyme dosage was investigated. For this, Sigmacell 50 and pretreated poplar wood (20 g/L) was hydrolyzed with varying dosages of cellulases from three different sources (5 to 100 FPU/g) for time periods ranging from 2 to 94 h. It was found that the formation of glucose can be described by summation of two parallel first order reactions. The extent of hydrolysis at fixed time increases with increasing enzyme dosage in a hyperbolic function. From the empirical data it is possible to calculate the fractions of easily and difficult hydrolyzable cellulose and the digestability which could maximally be obtained at infinite enzyme loadings. In the system Sigmacell 50 and Celluclast the easily and difficult hydrolyzable components are 43.0 and 57.0%, respectively, and the maximum digestability at 94 h is 82.6%. Poplar wood, steam treated at 200°, 220°, and 240°C, showed with Celluclast at 24 h a maximum digestability (weight percentage of wood degraded to glucose) of 43.9, 64.9, and 68.0%. The relationships derived from experimental data allow one to compare objectively the effectiveness of different cellulase enzymes and different pretreatments.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260331002
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