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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 283 (1980), S. 58-60 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Lovelock2 first reported the presence of methyl chloride in the atmosphere at the 1-2 p.p.b. level (1 p.p.b. = 1 part in 109 by volume) and showed that its concentrations were highest in air whose origins were oceanic rather than continental. Measurements in seawater confirmed that the ocean could ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 54 (1998), S. 199-202 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In this paper, a general method for generating quasiperiodic lattices is given. It is based on point multilattices which may be transformed into quasilattices in a new manner. A rounding operation allows the conversion of amassments of points in the multilattice into single points of a perfect quasicrystalline structure. Several examples are given.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 42 (1999), S. 132-142 
    ISSN: 1437-1588
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since the publication of a case of Syphilis transmission by blood transfusion in 1915 the discussion about transfusion-associated bacterial infection is ongoing. For some time, virus infections through blood and blood products have been highlighted. However, in the last years the attention required has been drawn to the problem of transmission of bacteria. In this publication the present situation concerning the contamination rates through blood components and the frequency of transfusion-associated microbial infections is outlined. The bacteria involved are discussed. Furthermore, the state of the art for prevention and diagnosis as well as the methods for inactivation of bacteria are assessed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seitdem im Jahre 1915 ein Fall von Syphilis-Übertragung durch Bluttransfusion publiziert wurde, ist die Diskussion um die transfusionsassoziierte bakterielle Infektion nicht mehr verstummt. Nachdem diese Problematik angesichts der Virusinfektionen durch Blut und Blutprodukte über einige Zeit etwas in den Hintergrund geraten war, erfuhr sie in der Literatur der letzten Jahre wieder die erforderliche Aufmerksamkeit. In dieser Arbeit wird die aktuelle Situation hinsichtlich der Kontaminationsraten von Blutkomponenten und der Häufigkeit von transfusionsbedingten bakteriellen Infektionen dargestellt. Das Spektrum der involvierten Keime wird diskutiert. Weiterhin werden die heutigen präventiven und diagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie die Verfahren zur Inaktivierung von Bakterien einer kritischen Wertung unterzogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 239 (1984), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Olfactory threshold ; Olfactory blockade ; N-methyl-formimino-methylester ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of N-methyl-formimino-methylester were studied in albino mice. Very short exposure (0.5 and 1 s) to the concentrated vapour led to an increase of the neural olfactory threshold to geraniol by a factor of 105–107. There was a slow recovery of the olfactory sensitivity and after about 40 days the threshold values returned to normal.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Non-proteinogenic optically active amino acids ; D- and L-enantiomers ; Dehydroamino acids ; Chiral rhodium catalysts ; Asymmetric hydrogenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-proteinogenic amino acids play an increasing role in oligopeptide chemistry. Their pharmacological and chemical properties, caused by D-configuration and “unnatural” residues, are more and more used for drug design. Different methods of asymmetric synthesis have been developed during the last decade to prepare “unusual” amino acids. One of them, the asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino aids catalyzed by chiral rhodium (I) complexes, will be described. A series of examples, D- and L-configured, like naphthyl-, thienyl-, furyl-, and pyridylalanines, as well as phenylalanines substituted by chlorine, fluorine, p-nitro, p-methyl, p-trifluoromethyl, p-isopropyl, and p-tert-butyl have been prepared and characterized. Some analytical data like melting points and values of optical rotation are summarized in tables.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Bat ; Orientation ; Vision ; Echolocation ; Cumulative navigation error
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The orientation behaviour of bats (Phyllostomus discolor, Phyllostomidae), flying inside an octagonal “roost-like” chamber (ø: 100cm; h: 150cm) was examined. It has been shown that the bats begin turning manoeuvres during flight by turning their head towards the direction they intend to proceed to. During early phases of the flights, cumulative navigation errors were evident, indicating that endogenous spatial information plays a major role in the orientation of the bats. During later phases of the flight this error is diminished again. So it can be concluded that the bats start to use exogenous spatial information for orientation while approaching the target. In order to investigate the relative importance of vision, echolocation and endogenous spatial information for approaching the roost, the landing lattices inside the test arena were changed for non-grid dummies. We found that: 1. combined visual and endogenous information are more important than echoacoustical cues, 2. the bats learned quickly to switch their orientation behaviour in order to get a better performance in avoiding the dummies, 3. the learning performance was influenced by the visual similarity of dummies and the real landing lattice.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Unfallchirurg 101 (1998), S. 590-612 
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Spinal injuries in children • Synchondrosis • Atlantooccipital dislocation • Odontoid fractures in children • Atlantoaxial dislocation • Pseudosubluxation • Discoligamentous instability • Operative treatment ; Schlüsselwörter Wirbelsäulenverletzungen bei Kindern • Entwicklung der Wirbelsäule • Diagnostik • Synchondrosen • Atlantookzipitale Dislokation • Densfrakturen bei Kindern • Atlantoaxiale Dislokation • Pseudosubluxation • Operative Behandlung • Diskoligamentäre Instabilitäten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verletzungen der Wirbelsäule sind bei Kindern extrem selten. Man kann davon ausgehen, daß sie etwa 0,2 % aller kindlichen Brüche und Verrenkungen und zwischen 1,5 und 3 % aller Wirbelsäulenläsionen ausmachen. Je jünger ein verletztes Kind, desto wahrscheinlicher liegt eine Läsion der oberen HWS vor. Dieser Abschnitt der Wirbelsäule ist im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen mit 50 % der HWS-Verletzungen überproportional häufig betroffen. Die meisten Unterschiede zwischen der Wirbelsäule des Erwachsenen und der des Kindes bestehen nur bis zum 10. Lebensjahr. Danach entsprechen Diagnostik, Klassifikation und Behandlung von Verletzungen weitgehend denen beim Erwachsenen. Bei Unkenntnis des normalen Aussehens und der normalen Entwicklung sind Fehlinterpretationen von Röntgenaufnahmen häufig. Typische Beispiele sind die Verwechslung von Synchondrosen mit Frakturen oder von Pseudosubluxationen des Atlas sowie des zweiten Halswirbels mit „echten“ Instabilitäten. Relevante Läsionen gehen immer auch mit eindeutigen klinischen Befunden einher. Besondere Verletzung der wachsenden Wirbelsäule sind Lösungen der Epiphysenplatten sowie „Frakturen“ der knorpeligen Zwischenzonen, der Synchondrosen. Atlantookzipitale Dislokationen (AOD) kommen besonders oft bei Kindern vor. Nach unseren Erfahrungen mit 16 AOD schlagen wir je nach Dislokationsrichtung der Okzipitalkondylen eine Einteilung in vordere, hintere und vollständig instabile AOD vor. Bei einem Jungen unseres Krankenguts konnte die Läsion durch eine temporäre interne Stabilisierung zur Ausheilung gebracht werden. Er zeigte eine weitgehende Erholung der anfangs hochgradigen neurologischen Ausfallserscheinungen. Verletzungen der Synchondrose des Dens axis stellen eine weitere typische Verletzung im Kindesalter dar. Vier von fünf Kindern aus dem eigenen Krankengut verunglückten bei Verkehrsunfällen. Drei saßen in Kindersitzen in Fahrtrichtung und waren mit einem 4-Punktgurt-System angeschnallt. Wir verwenden einen Halo-Ring mit Gipsweste für die konservative Behandlung. Operationsindikationen bestehen bei nicht retinierbaren sowie hochgradig instabilen Läsionen. Die operative Technik entspricht in allen Einzelheiten der beim Erwachsenen. 3 unserer 5 Kinder mit dieser Verletzung wurden erfolgreich operativ stabilisiert. Atlantoaxiale Dislokationen (AAD) werden in translatorische und rotatorische unterteilt. Sagittale Verschiebungen des Atlas bedürfen auch bei Kindern einer Fusion zwischen C1 und C2. Rotatorische Fehlstellungen lassen sich im frischen Stadium leicht reponieren und im Halo-Fixateur ausbehandeln. Auch bei veralteten Läsionen ist nach unseren Erfahrungen bei zwei Patienten teils durch offene, teils durch geschlossene Reposition eine Ausheilung in anatomischer Stellung möglich. Im Bereich der unteren HWS stellen neben Verletzungen mit Einengung des Spinalkanals vor allem solche mit ligamentärer oder diskoligamentärer Beteiligung– also Typ B- und C-Läsionen eine Operationsindikation dar. Sie heilen nämlich nach geschlossener Behandlung genauso wenig stabil aus wie bei Erwachsenen.
    Notes: Summary Injuries of the spine in children rarely occur. They amount to about 0.2 % of all fractures and dislocation and to 1.5 to 3 % of all lesions of the spine. The younger an injured child is, the more likely it has sustained a lesion of the upper cervical spine. This spinal segment in comparison to adults is concerned more often and accounts for 50 % of all C-spine injuries. Important differences between the adult spine and the spine in the child disappear with the age of 10 years. Later diagnostics, classification and treatment correspond widely with the principles valid in adults. The knowledge of the normal shape and development of the spine are crucial in avoiding misinterpretations of X-ray films. Typical examples include the confusion of synchondrosis with fractures or of subluxations of the atlas and the C2/C3 segment with “true” instabilities. Relevant lesions always are accompanied by clear clinical symptoms. Specific injuries of the growing axial skeleton are lesions of the cartilaginous endplates and “fractures” of the synchondrosis. Atlantooccipital dislocations (AOD) occur typically in children. According to our experiences with 16 AOD we propose – dependent on the direction of dislocation of the occipital condyles – a simplified classification in anterior, posterior and completely unstable AOD. In one boy in our series we treated the lesion successfully by temporary interal fixation. He presented a massive improvement of initially subtotal neurologic symptoms. Injuries to the synchondrosis of the dens represent another typical lesion in childhood. Four out of 5 children treated in our clinic were involved as back seat passengers in head-on motor vehicle accidents. Three of them were restrained by 4 point children's seat harnesses. For conservative treatment we prefer a halo and plaster-vest for 12 weeks after closed reduction. We recommend operative treatment in cases of major dislocation with greater instability where it may be impossible to maintain alignment with halo fxation. Surgical equipment and techniques correspond in detail to those used in adults. Three of the five children mentioned have been stabilized successfully by anterior screw fixation. Atlantoaxial dislocations (AAD) are devided into translatory and rotatory instabilities. Sagittal dislocations of the atlas in children also need to be fixed by a fusion between C1 and C2. Rotatory instabilities in the acute phase are easy to reduce and are treated with a halo-fixator. According to our experiences in two delayed cases anatomical reduction is also possible after months partly by open, partly by closed means. For the lower C-spine lesion with encroachment of the spinal canal and above all ligamentous injuries represent a clear indication for operative treatment because, similar to the adult spine, they do not become stable after close management.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Trauma • Preclinical care • Emergency medicine ; Schlüsselwörter Qualitätskontrolle • Präklinische Fehleranalyse • Notfallmedizin • Polytrauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren wurde zunehmend auch in der präklinischen Versorgung eine Qualitätsanalyse gefordert. Um die Qualität zu definieren und diese im Sinne der Qualitätssicherung kontrollieren, müssen Zielgrößen in Form von Standards festgeschrieben werden. Diese sind bereits unter Mitarbeit verschiedener deutscher Organisationen zusammengestellt worden, welches zu der Einführung eines bundeseinheitliches Notarztprotokolls geführt hat. Eine eigentliche Qualitätskontrolle dieser seit 1992 prospektiv dokumentierten Daten existiert jedoch nicht. Wir führten eine Auswertung aller polytraumatisierter Patientendaten durch, die mit einer definierten Verletzungsschwere primär oder sekundär in unsere Klinik eingeliefert wurden. Die Fehleranalyse beinhaltet wichtige Aspekte der präklinischen Diagnostik und Behandlung (Triage, Indikationsstellung und Ausführung von präklinischen Maßnahmen). Es zeigte sich, daß 28 % der Patienten, die aufgrund der Gesamtverletzungsschwere oder einer schwersten Einzelverletzung unmittelbar an ein Traumazentrum hätten transferriert werden müssen (Triage), primär in ein Krankenhaus der Regelversorgung eingeliefert wurden. Bei 7 % der Patienten ließ sich zwei und bei 4 % mehr als zwei Triagefehler nachweisen. Andererseits gab es Fälle, in denen trotz erkannter nur geringer Verletzungsschwere eine Intubation oder gar das Legen einer Thoraxdrainage erfolgte. Die präklinische Intubation und Beatmung wurde in 16,5 % der Fälle trotz klarer Indikation nicht durchgeführt. Eine Thoraxdrainage wurde trotz schwerem Thoraxtrauma (PTSThorax≥ 12/oder AISThorax≥ 4) und initialer Intubation und Beatmung bei 38 % nicht durchgeführt. Eine suffiziente Infusionstherapie (〉 2500 ml effektiver Volumenersatz) war in 17 % der Fälle nicht erfolgt. Andererseits häufen sich Fälle in denen die Verletzungsschwere anscheinend überschätzt wurde und invasive Maßnahmen ergriffen wurden, die nach den vorhandenen Standards nicht indiziert gewesen wären. Diesen Ergebnissen zur Folge ist vorallem die Beurteilung der Verletzungsschwere am Unfallort häufig ein großes Problem, da hier der höchste Anteil vermeidbarer Fehler zu beobachten war. Ebenso wurde die Schwere des Thoraxtraumas vielfach falsch eingeschätzt und entsprechend nicht die erforderlichen Maßnahmen durchgeführt. Dies bedeutet, daß obwohl die Qualifikation des Notarztes nunmehr gesetzlich geregelt ist und Richtlinien für die Ausbildung erarbeitet sind, noch erhebliche Defizite in der Erkennung und Behandlung von Verletzungsfolgen bestehen. Einer Gefährdung des Unfallpatienten durch den Notarzt, der falsche Maßnahmen (im Sinne von zuviel oder zu wenig) ergreift, muß entgegengesteuert werden.
    Notes: Summary Quality control in preclinical medical care has become a matter of concern in recent years. In order to evaluate the quality of treatment one has to set standards. Most of the current standards were defined by different preclinical care organisations and are also accepted in the unique emergency medical care protocol used in the Federal Republic of Germany. Considering these standards, we retrospectively analyzed the preclinical treatment of all multiple trauma patients admitted to our department between 1985 and 1996. The major issues of this analysis were the diagnoses, the indications for invasive measures and the performance. Regarding the triage, for example, it was noted that 28 % of patients who should have been admitted to a level I trauma center considering the severity of their injury were first admitted to a level III hospital and needed to be transferred later. In 7 % of patients two additional mistakes and in 4 % of patients more than two mistakes in the triage were noted. On the other hand, there are records of patients who were considered to be only slightly injured but received invasive treatment. Preclinical intubation and mechanical ventilation was not performed in 16.5 % although the severity of injury clearly demanded it. A thoracic drain tube was not positioned in 38 % of patients suffering from severe thoracic trauma (AISThorax≥ 4). Insufficient application of resuscitation volume (〈 2500 ml on admission) was evident in 17 % of all documented patients. According to our results, the initial evaluation of severity of injury is still a major problem and leads to wrong decisions for treatment. Although the qualification of ambulance physicians has been standardized for some years, there are still clear deficits in the preclinical management of trauma patients that need to be targeted.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Zielgerät zur distalen Verriegelung ; Unaufgebohrter Tibianagel ; Implantationsbedingte Nagelverformung ; Röntgenmorphometrische Untersuchung ; Key words: Aiming device for distal locking ; Unslotted tibial nail ; Implant deformation ; Radiographic ; Morphometric investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: n = 10; diameter 9 mm, n = 10) were inserted in paired human cadaver tibiae. The results showed lateral translations of –4.5±3.5 mm (mean and standard deviation, range 14.3 mm) and dorsal translations of –7.8±5.8 mm (mean and standard deviation, range 19.2 mm). Rotational deformations around the longitudinal axis of the nail were 0.3±0.7° (mean and standard deviation, range 2.4°). The results showed, that a simple aiming arm, mounted on the proximal nail end, alone or even in combination with a large working channel (e.g. 10 mm in diameter), was not adequate to the aiming process. A radiographic-morphometric analysis was subsequently performed in 40 tibiae after experimental (n = 20) or clinical (n = 20) implantation of nails 8 mm and 9 mm in diameter. These measurements showed a relatively constant distance between the upper distal transverse hole and the anterior aspect of the tibia (average 12.3 mm and only a narrow range (7.6 mm). These data were the basis for the development of an aiming technique that exploits the relatively constant distance between the distal nail hole and the anterior aspect of the tibia. This aiming device is set at a distance of 12.3 mm from the anterior cortex, and the fine tuning is finally resolved by the use of a `working channel' 10 mm in diameter.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ventrale interkorporelle Spondylodese ; Plattenspondylodese ; Luxation ; Key words Anterior interbody fusion ; Plate spondylodeses ; Dislocation ; Cervical spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this retrospective study we present the long-term results in 89 patients who underwent anterior interbody fusion of acute cervical spine injuries in our institution between 1972 and 1983. There were 23 dislocations, 50 fracture-dislocations and 16 burst fractures without significant posterior lesions. Only 20 patients showed no neurologic symptoms. In all 79 patients who were treated initially in our trauma department, closed reduction was performed as soon as possible. No aggravation of the neurologic conditions by this manoeuvre was observed. The mean time between injury and operation was 7 days (range 0 – 110 days). In 79 patients an H-plate or one-third-tubular plate was used, and in 10 patients fusion was performed only by bone grafting according to the technique of Robinson [40]. Severe complications, i. e. persistent instability with kyphosis or sagittal dislocation, were found in only 2 of these 10 patients secondary to technical problems. The radiologic results demonstrated a high fusion rate, with fusion in 78 out of the 79 patients. Of the 79 patients treated with plate spondylodeses, 7 devices had to be removed without loss of correction: 6 owing to loosening and 1 to breakage of the plate. Only in one additional case after early hardware removal because of loosening was a loss of correction detected. Of the original 89 patients, 17 had died of causes unrelated to the operation. The mean age of the surviving 72 patients at the time of injury was 36 years (14 – 83 years). A further 15 patients were lost during follow-up, so that 57 (79%) could be included in the study with a mean follow-up of 11 years, 9 months (10 – 19 years). The functional results were as follows: Active range of motion was limited between 25 and 50%. 40 patients had no pain at rest, 38 only during motion without need for treatment. A significant correlation between pain and fused segments could not be found. Spontaneous fusion and spondylophytes in adjacent motion segments were seen in 27 patients, again without significant correlation to residual pain. No hypermobility of adjacent motion segments in functional X-rays was seen. 46 patients returned to their former work, 7 were not able to work again secondary to the injury, 4 patients received old-age pension. Improvement of the neurologic deficits in the 37 symptomatic patients was observed in 30 cases (81,1%) according to the ``Sunnybrook Cord Injury Scale'' [49]; according to the ASIA Neurological Impairment Scale [5] 25 (67,6%) of them improved of at least 1 degree. No correlation could be found between the interval injury to operation and neurologic improvement. With regard to the early stage of the procedure of anterior interbody fusion for traumatic lesions this study shows promising data with high fusion rates and low morbidity, especially for the combination with plate fixation. Further improved within the last 12 years this method offers an excellent alternative for operative treatment of most acute lower cervical spine injuries. Using devices which are not angle stable, special attention should be given to precise bicortical screw fixation.
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