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Notes: Summary The ratio between large and small carboxy-terminal forms of cholecystokinin in brain extracts from man, pig, dog, rat, chicken, frog and trout was determined by two sequence-specific radioimmunoassays. It was found that the relative amounts of large forms of cholecystokinin; are higher in mammalian brain than in brains of lower species.

Notes: Summary A study has been done in 10 male healthy volunteers of the effect of oral omeprazole 20 mg daily for 3 days on the serum concentrations of Pepsinogens A and C in relation to changes in fasting serum gastrin and basal and pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid output. The concentrations of Pepsinogens A and C showed concomitant and variable but significant increases, and the Pepsinogen A, C ratio did not change during the 3-day course of omeprazole. The increments were also significantly correlated with the increase in fasting serum gastrin and with the reduction in pentagastrin stimulated acid output. The correlations were mainly due to the marked inhibition of gastric acid secretion and the corresponding increases in serum gastrin and Pepsinogens A and C in two subjects, as in the other 8 subjects the changes were only modest. There appears to be a relationship, therefore, between the degree of inhibition of acid by omeprazole and the parallel increases in both serum pepsinogens and fasting gastrin.

Notes: Summary In an experimental glioma model, using ethylnitrosourea induced and subsequently intracerebrally implanted tumours in BD-IX rats, the effectiveness of intratumoural application of methotrexate (MTX) by stereotactic implantation of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) pellets containing MTX, has been studied. Tumour volume 10 days after pellet implantation as well as survival rates of treated, untreated and control animals have been the criteria of the effect of treatment. Tumour volume was significantly smaller in treated compared to untreated animals. The survival rate of untreated to treated animals increased 150 and 233% respectively when compared with the control animals. Thus a positive therapeutic effect of MTX-PMMA pellet implantation in the experimental glioma could be proven. Possible consequences for the treatment of human gliomas are shortly discussed.

Notes: After many years of unsuccessful conservative treatment 16 patients suffering from hemicrania are relieved of their pain or are improved by operative treatment. Hemicranial attacks or permanent hemicrania is found to be caused by upper cervical nerve root compression. Vascular compression of C2 (n = 9) or scar tissue surrounding C2 (n = 1) or C3 (n = 1) is the pathology identified in cases of cervicogenic headache or “cluster headache-like” headache. Compression attributable to tumor, prolapsed disc, or spondylotic changes is found to be a cause of permanent headache. Only in those patients with permanent headache are radiological or electrophysiological findings helpful for diagnosis. In patients with hemicranial attacks and compression of nerve root C2 (n = 10) or C3 (n = 1), only vasoactive tests (provoking or relieving pain) or local anaesthesia prove to be helpful in diagnosing and localizing the origin of pain. The operation involves freeing the nerve roots from vascular compression. In two patients the C2 ganglion is resected. Thirteen patients subsequently become pain free. In three patients, hemicrania improves. Four of the 16 patients experience a recurrence of pain after the decompressive operation. After additional thermorhizotomy two patients have no further complaints and one patient has improved. One patient can tolerate his pain with occasional analgesics. The problem of referred pain into the fronto-ocular region is discussed.

Notes: Abstract. This study investigates the relationship between probing force and probe penetration into the periodontal tissues in pockets with overt gingivitis and in pockets with minimal gingival inflammation. In eight dogs experimental periodontal tissue breakdown was induced during a period of 14 weeks. The dogs were then distributed over two groups of four dogs each. In one group the dogs were subjected to meticulous tooth cleaning once every day for a period of 3 weeks. The dogs in the second group did not receive any oral hygiene measures. Next, wooden probes were inserted, mesial and distal to each premolar. In each dog six different probing forces were used. Microscopic examination showed that, in the brushed group, epithelium was always present between the probe tips and the connective tissue. In the nonabused group presence of epithelium was found in 21 of 23 specimens. In both groups of dogs it was found that, with increasing probing forces, the location of the tips of the probes changed from a position occlusal to the most coronal connective tissue fibers to a position apical to the most coronal connective tissue fibers. With light probing forces it appeared that in the nonbrushed group the tips of the probes were located more apically. When greater probing forces were used, no differences between the brushed and the nonbrushed group were found. It is suggested that, using a probe of 0.63 mm in diameter, the optimal force level for clinical pocket measurements is about 0.75 N, or in other words, the optimal probing pressure is about 240 N/cm2.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMikroskopische Wertung von Messungen der Taschentiefe am Hunde bei Anwendung sechs verschiedener Sondierungsdruckstärken In dieser Studie wird das Verhältnis zwischen der Sondierungskraft und der Penetration der Sondern in das Parodontalgewebe bei Zahnfleischtaschen mit seitlicher und mit minimally Gingivitis untersucht. Bei 8 Beagle Hunden wurde während einer Zeitspanne von 14 Woched experimcntelle Parodontolyse induziert. Die Hunde wurden in zwei Gruppen zu je 4 Hunden aufgeteilt. Bei der einen Gruppe wurden die Zähne während einer Periode von 3 Wochen cinmal täglich Gorgfältig gereinigt. Bei den Hunden der zweiten Gruppe wurden keine mundhygienischen Massnahmen durchgefürt. Dann wurden mesial und distal eines jeden Prämolaren Holzsonden mit 6 verschiedenen Druckstärken in die Taschen inseriert, Untersuchungen mit dem Mikroskop zeigten, dass bei der “gereinigten” Gruppe stets Epithel zwischen der Sondenspitzen und dem Bindegewebe vorhanden war. In der Gruppe ohne Mundhygiene wurde in 21 von 23 Fällen Epithel angetroffen. In beiden Gruppen wurde gefunden, dass die Sondenspitzen bei zuneh mendem Sondierdruck ihre Lage veränderten und zwar von okklusal der am weitesten koronal gelegenen Bindegewebsfasern bis zu ihrer apikalen Seite, Bei Anwendung von geringem Sondierungsdruck zeigte es sich, dass die Sondenspitzen bei der Gruppe ohne Mundhygiene tiefer zu liegen kamen. Bei stärkerem Sondierungsdruck wurden keine Unterschiede zwischen den Versuchsgruppen gefunden. Es wird vermutet, dass bei klinischen Messungen von Zahnfleischtaschen die optimale Sondierungskraft einer Sonde von 0,63 mm bei ungefähr 0,75 N Hegt, oder anders ausgedrückt beträgt der optimale Sondierungsdruck ungefähr 240 N/cm2〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEvaluation microscopique des mensurations de la profondeiir des culs-de-sac pratiquées chez le chien en employant six forces de sondage différentesCette étude examine le relation existant entre la force de sondage et la pénétration de la sonde dans les tissus parodontaux an niveau de culs-de-sac avec gingivile manifeste et de culs-de-sac avec inflammation gingivale minime. Chez huit chiens briquets, une destruction expérimentale du parodonte a été provoquée pendant une période de 14 semaines. Les chiens ont alors été répartis en deux groupes de quatre chiens. Dans Tun des groupes, les chiens ont été soumis á un nettoyage minutieux des dents une fois par jour pendant une période de trois semaines. Les chiens de l'autre groupe n'ont reçu aucun soin d'hygiène buccale. Des sondes de bois ont ensuite été introduites du côté mesial et du côté distal de chaque prémolaire. Chez chacim des chiens, six forces de sondage différentes ont été employées. Un examen microscopique a montré que, dans le groupe dont les dents avaient été brossées, l'épithélium était toujours présent entre l'extrémité de la sonde et le tissue conjonctif. Dans le groupe dont les dents n'avaient pas été brossées, la présence d'épithélium a été trouvée dans 21 des 23 specimens. Dans les deux groupes, on a trouvé que, lorsque la force de sondage augmente, il se produit un changement dans la position de I'extrémité de la sonde: elle passe d'un niveau situé du côté occlusal des fibres de tissu conjonctif les plus coronaires, a un niveau situé du côté apical de ces fibres. Lorsqu'on utilisait de légères forces de sondage, on constatait que l'éxtrcmite de la sonde dans le groupe sans brossage des dents était située à un niveau plus apical. Lorsqu'on utilisait des forces de sondage plus élevées, on ne constatait pas de différence entre le groupe avec et le groupe sans brossages des dents. II semblerait que, lorsqu'on utilise une sonde de 0,63 mm de diamètre, le niveau optimum de force à utiliser pour les mensurations cliniques des culs-de-sac scrait d'environ 0,75 N, ou, en d'autres termes, la presslon de sondage optimum serait d'environ 240 N/cm2.

Notes: Abstract In four beagle dogs, periodontal tissue breakdown was experimentally induced around the upper left premolars (P1, P2 and P3). Wooden probes were inserted mesially and distally to each premolar. Six different probing forces were used in each dog. Microscopic examination showed:〈list style="custom"〉1) the presence of an intact layer of epithelium between the probe tip and the connective tissue in 21 of 23 specimens.2) an increasing compression of the connective tissue with increasing probing force, without penetration of the probe tip into the connective tissue.

Notes: Abstract This investigation was designed to determine the influence of different frequencies of tooth brushing on artificial periodontal defects in the beagle dog after a period of healing.In 12 beagle dogs, periodontal defects were created using elastic bands placed in the sulci below the gingival margin after having cut the dento-gingival fibres to the level of the alveolar bone crest. This active phase of creating defects lasted for 6 weeks. After removal of the elastic bands, the created defects were left undisturbed during the remainder of the pre-experimental period (12 weeks). 6 premolars in the lower jaw were used (2P2, 3P3, 4P4).After the pre-experimental period, the 12 dogs were distributed into 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Each group was brushed with a certain frequency, i.e., 7 times, 3 times or once a week.Registrations of plaque index, gingival index and probing depth using a constant force probe were carried out on approximal surfaces. The experiment lasted for 24 weeks. A brushing effect was calculated for each dog to include information on all within-dog and between-dog variations. It was shown in relation to artificially-induced periodontal defects in beagle dogs that after a period of healing, brushing 7 times a week is superior to brushing 3 times a week in establishing and maintaining gingival health.

Notes: Abstract The aim of this experiment was to study clinical parameters when 3 different frequencies of tooth brushing were applied to sites of experimental gingivitis in beagle dogs. 12 beagle dogs, at the start of the experiment 2 years of age, were used. After a thorough cleaning, the maxillary left and right first, second and third premolars were brushed daily for a period of 8 weeks. Subsequently, for 4 weeks, all brushing was omitted in order to establish an experimental gingivitis. After this pre-experimental period, the dogs were distributed into 3 groups of 4 dogs each: one group was brushed 7 times a week, a second was brushed 3 times a week and the third group was brushed only once a week. Brushing was carried out for 24 weeks, only on the right sides of the upper jaws, the left upper jaws serving as controls. At regular intervals, plaque index, gingival index and probing depths were assessed. A brushing effect was calculated for each dog, to include information on all within-dog and between-dog variations.The present study demonstrated that only by brushing every day can clinically healthy gingivae be obtained in the beagle dog model with experimental gingivitis at baseline. The state of gingival health at baseline may be used to determine the frequency of brushing necessary to create or maintain healthy gingivae.

Notes: Abstract This investigation was designed to determine the influence of different frequencies of tooth brushing on artificial periodontal defects in the beagle dog shortly after creation.In 12 beagle dogs, periodontal defects were created using elastic bands placed in the sulci below the gingival margin after having cut the dento-gingival fibres to the level of the alveolar bone. This active phase of creating defects lasted for 6 weeks. 6 premolars in the lower jaw were used (2P2, 3P3, 4P4). After removal of the elastic bands, the 12 dogs were distributed into 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Each group was brushed with a certain frequency, i.e., 7 times, 3 times or once a week. Plaque index, gingival index and probing depth, using a constant force probe, were assessed interproximally. The experiment lasted for 24 weeks.For hypothesis testing, a brushing effect was calculated for each dog. Furthermore, an analysis was performed based on the absolute scores at week 24. From the statistical analysis, it was concluded that in artificially-induced periodontal defects in beagle dogs immediately after creation, brushing 7 times a week is superior to brushing 3 times a week to establish and maintain gingival health.