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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Organometallics 3 (1984), S. 1267-1272 
    ISSN: 1520-6041
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract From a methodological point of view the relevance of clinical-biochemical trials depends on the answers to mainly four complexes of questions: (1) the reliability of the assays in the clinical situation to be tested, (2) the precision and accuracy of sample-taking, (3) the qualification of the design and the protocols in the clinical part of the trial and (4) the usefulness of the time concepts in the trial concerning biorhythms, seasonal influences, psychological trauma of diagnostic procedures and treatment. In this study mainly the second complex of questions was studied intensely. The precision of the fluorometric histamine assay in biopsy specimens from human gastric mucosa depended on several conditions: Biochemical technique, sample preparation and removal of biopsies from gastric mucosa via endoscopy. The CV% of the whole procedure was about 8-times higher than that of the biochemical technique. In clinical-biochemical studies on the significance of histamine or any other hormone (such as gastrin) in any disease (such as duodenal ulcer) it seems therefore useless to describe the precision of an assay only by the variance of the biochemical technique. Calculation of the histamine content as mean of 3 samples reduced the CV% from 27.2 to 14.9% and should therefore be recommended. The accuracy of the fluorometric histamine assay in biopsy specimens has been tested by several methods recommended by the IFCC and was found to be satisfactory. Conflicing results in the literature concerning the histamine content of human gastric mucosa could be explained on a methodological basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 625-632 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cimetidine ; Ranitidine ; Oxmetidine ; Drug interactions ; Hepatic elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary H2-blocking agents, such as cimetidine or ranitidine are used in numerous patients. This treatment is often associated with the co-administration of a variety of other drugs. From clinical observations and pharmacokinetic studies it is obvious that even short-term treatment with therapeutic doses of cimetidine inhibits the hepatic elimination of antipyrine, warfarin, diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, chlordiazepoxide, propranolol, labetalol, metoprolol, phenytoin, carbamazepine, chlormethiazole, theophylline and caffeine. All these drugs are metabolized by cytochrome-dependent so-called phase I reactions. Cimetidine can interact with drug binding to the cytochrome P450 system leading to impaired drug metabolism. On the other hand drugs which are eliminated by glucuronidation (cytochrome independent phase II reaction), such as oxazepam and lorazepam are not affected by cimetidine. Other H2-blocking agents (ranitidine, oxmetidine) did not impair the elimination of antipyrine, warfarin, diazepam or propranolol. Furthermore, cimetidine and ranitidine might slightly reduce hepatic blood flow which could reduce the elimination of drugs with high hepatic clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Streßulcus ; Ärztliche Ethik ; Sequentialstudie ; Cimetidin ; Schweres Polytrauma ; Stress ulceration ; Medical ethics ; Sequential trial ; Cimetidine ; Severe polytrauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In patients in a surgical intensive care unit a controlled clinical trial was performed concerned with the pathophysiological functions of histamine in stress ulcer disease and with the influence of cimetidine prophylaxis on this complication. The commonly used organization of a controlled clinical trial was enforced to be changed by considerable theoretical, ethical and practical difficulties in designing and conducting the study: (1) Initially the trial was planned as randomized double-blind using a fixed sample size of patients obtained from the intensive care unit. It was executed as a sequential single-blind study only in patients with severe polytrauma. For ethical reasons it was stopped before the bounderies were reached and was analysed according to the advice of an external referee using Fisher's exact test (p〈0.025). (2) The necessary informations about the trial could not be compressed to one single report. As one of several parts this article mainly deals with Design, Clinical materials, Methods and Statistics of the whole investigation. Distinctive sections on Theoretical and Ethical issues and on Historical development of the study were included. Numerous decisions were explained already in Materials and Methods to emphasize the enormous complexity of the decision process in clinical trials in contrast to that in most of the animal experiments. (3) In order to facilitate conclusions from our sample to the target population and to define subgroups of patients with a high risk for stress ulceration all 6,634 patients hospitalized in the Surgery Clinic during the time of the study were prospectively investigated for clinically manifest stress ulceration. Furthermore as one of the most important attributes the lethality rate was calculated for the whole group and various subgroups of trauma patients in our hospital. As a surprising and remarkable result of the study clinically manifest stress ulcers occurred exclusively in our patients in the intensive care unit and among them mainly in those with severy polytrauma and postoperative complications. Cimetidine was highly effective in preventing stress ulceration in severe polytrauma patients. But it seems absolutely unnecessary to distribute this drug in all patients of a surgical intensive care unit like from a cornucopia of happiness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Patienten der chirurgischen Wach- und Intensivstation wurde eine kontrollierte klinische Studie über den Wert von Cimetidin zur Streßulcusprophylaxe durchgeführt. Die übliche Organisation und Darstellung einer kontrollierten Studie mußte wegen erheblicher theoretischer, ethischer und praktischer Schwierigkeiten bei Planung und Durchführung geändert werden: (1) Zuerst wurde die Untersuchung bei Patienten der Wach- und Intensivstation als randomisierte Doppelblindstudie mit fixem Stichprobenumfang geplant. Ausgeführt wurde eine einfach-blinde Sequentialstudie ausschließlich bei Patienten mit schwerem Polytrauma. Kurz vor Erreichen der vorgegebenen Signifikanzgrenzen wurde sie aus ethischen Gründen abgebrochen und nach Beratung mit einem externen Gutachter mit Hilfe des exakten Testes nach Fisher analysiert (p〈0,025). (2) Die notwendigen Informationen über die Studie konnten nicht in einem einzigen Bericht zusammengepreßt werden. Als einer der Teile enthält diese Mitteilung Plan, Klinisches Material, Methoden und Statistik der Studie. Abschnitte über „Theoretische und ethische Aspekte“ und über „Historische Entwicklung der Studie“ wurden eingefügt. Zahlreiche Entscheidungen wurden bereits in Material und Methodik erläutert, um die enorme Komplexität des Entscheidungsprozesses bei klinischen Studien im Gegensatz zu der bei Tierexperimenten hervorzuheben. (3) Um Schlüsse von der Stichprobe auf die Zielpopulation zu erleichtern und Risikogruppen für Streßulkusentstehung zu definieren, wurden alle 6,634 Patienten der Klinik während der Dauer der Studie prospektiv auf klinisch-manifeste Streßläsionen untersucht. Als eines der wichtigsten Merkmale wurde weiterhin die Letalitätsrate für die Gesamtgruppe und für Untergruppen der Traumapatienten in unserer Klinik ermittelt. Streßulcera traten nur bei Patienten der Wachund Intensivstation auf, vor allem bei Patienten mit schwerem Polytrauma und postoperativen Komplikationen. Cimetidin verhütete sie äußerst wirksam beim schwer Polytraumatisierten. Es ist aber unnötig, das Arzneimittel über die Wach- und Intensivstation auszustreuen wie aus einem Füllhorn des Glücks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diazepam ; metoprolol ; drug combination ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; drug metabolism ; sedation ; interaction study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 normotensive, healthy male volunteers the pharmacodynamic responses (blood pressure, heart rate; sedation index, tracking test, reaction time) to metoprolol (100 mg bid orally), diazepam (0.1 mg/kg intravenously) and to their combination were studied. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam were also compared in a cross-over experiment, with and without pretreatment by the β-adrenoceptor antagonist to evaluate the possibility of a drug interaction. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations indicated that metoprolol only slightly impaired the elimination of diazepam (18% decrease in total clearance, 25% increase in elimination half-life). The pharmacodynamics of metoprolol (17% decrease in heart rate, 17% decrease in diastolic RR) was not significantly altered by the bolus injection of diazepam. The extent of prolongation in choice reaction time (RT2) induced by diazepam was significantly (p=0.001) more pronounced following the co-administration of metoprolol. However, the results of RT1, the tracking test and the sedation index did not indicate any increased effect due to the β-blocking agent. It is concluded that concomitant treatment with metoprolol and diazepam causes only minor and clinically irrelevant changes in drug metabolism and drug response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 517-520 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: desmethyldiazepam ; oxazepam ; cimetidine ; hepatic elimination ; pharmacokinetics ; interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of desmethyldiazepam 20 mg or oxazepam 50 mg were studied in 5 healthy volunteers under controlled conditions, before and following a 24 h pretreatment with cimetidine 200 mg×5. Cimetidine significantly impaired (p=0.03) the elimination of desmethyldiazepam, as shown prolongation of its elimination half-life from 51.7±21.9 h to 72.6±39.4 h (mean ± SD), and a decrease in total plasma clearance from 12.0±2.7 ml/min to 8.6±3.3 ml/min. The disposition of oxazepam was not affected. From these results, and recently published data on diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, it is concluded that cimetidine impairs the hepatic elimination of those benzodiazepines which are metabolized by phase I reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketanserin ; pharmacokinetics ; protein binding ; excretion ; oral dosing ; i.v. injection ; first-pass effect ; antihypertensive drug ; serotonin antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kinetic data for the new antihypertensive agent ketanserin were determined in six healthy subjects after single oral (40 mg) or intravenous (0.15 mg/kg) doses. Plasma protein binding was 94.0±1.8% (mean±SD). Cumulative urinary excretion of unchanged drug was less than 4% within 48 h following the single dose. The maximal plasma level (cmax) of 193±98.2 µg/l occured within 0.5 to 4.0 h after oral intake. The ketanserin plasma level declined biexponentially after oral administration, and triexponentially over the 36 h following intravenous injection. The terminal elimination half-life (term. t1/2) averaged 12.4±2.9 h and 12.8±4.8 h following oral and intravenous application, respectively. Total plasma clearance was 410±62.0 (i.v.) and 829±228 ml/min (p.o.) and the intravenous blood clearance averaged 602±91 ml/min, which indicates partly flowdependent hepatic elimination. A substantial first-pass effect led to a bioavailability of about 50% (range: 27–69%). Hepatic clearance of ketanserin followed the non-restrictive pattern. No change in blood pressure or heart rate was observed following ketanserin administration to normal volunteers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 115-117 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benzodiazepine antagonist ; Ro 15-1788 ; healthy volunteers ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the selective benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 has been studied in 6 healthy male volunteers following a single intravenous dose of 2.5 mg. The drug was only slightly bound to plasma proteins (40±8%, mean±SD). A negligible amount (〈0.2% of the dose) of unchanged drug was recovered in urine. Hepatic elimination was rapid, as shown by a short t1/2 of 0.9±0.2 h, and high total plasma and blood clearances of 691±216 ml/min and 716±199 ml/min, respectively. The fast decline of plasma levels from about 60 to 2 ng/ml accounts for the short-lasting reversal of benzodiazepine-induced sedation by Ro 15-1788.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 357-360 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diazepam ; ranitidine ; pharmacokinetics ; hydroxycorticosteroids ; hepatic enzymes ; interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers the steady state pharmacokinetics of diazepam (5 mg p.o. once daily) was investigated in a randomized cross-over study with and without concomitant doses of ranitidine (150 mg bid). Following the last dose of diazepam on Day 10 of each part of the study, the plasma concentrations of diazepam were monitored for one dosing interval plus the subsequent 2 days. In addition, urinary excretion of 6-β-hydroxycortisol and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were measured, their ratio being taken as an indicator of hepatic enzyme activity. Coadministration of ranitidine significantly reduced (p〈0.03) the trough and steady state concentrations (mean ± SD) of diazepam (114±36 Vs 104±30 ng/ml and 170±55 Vs 125±36 ng/ml, respectively). Plasma protein binding of diazepam (98.5±0.3%) was not affected by ranitidine. The half-life of elimination of diazepam (42.5±13.5 h) did not change significantly but its apparent oral clearance (assuming complete absorption) was significantly increased (p〈0.005) by ranitidine, from 22.6±9.2 to 30.0±9.1 ml/min. Urinary excretion of 6β-OH-cortisol (p=0.029) and 17-OH-corticosteroids (p=0.041) were significantly elevated by ranitidine, but their ratio did not change. In addition, in 4 additional subjects the disposition of diazepam following a single intravenous dose of 0.1 mg/kg was not significantly altered by ranitidine. Thus, the lowered steady state concentration of diazepam is most likely due to diminished absorption caused by the concurrent administration of ranitidine. However, it may be more important clinically that, unlike cimetidine, ranitidine did not impair the hepatic elimination of diazepam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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