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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erfahrungen mit der Tumorzelldiagnostik im Liquor cerebrospinalis (1961)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 9 (1961), S. 510-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In material obtained from 90 cases of brain tumors verified histologically, the probability of finding tumor cells by means of an improved cytological diagnostic procedure of the liquor which employs a liquor sedimentation device was determined. Tumor cells were demonstrable in the liquor sediment in 32 cases. The greatest probability of finding tumor cells occurs with secundary brain tumors; amongst neuroepithelial tumors, Dest results were achieved with medulloblastomas and glioblastomas. The difficulties involved in the comparative cytological diagnosis of tumor cells, the limitations imposed by the procedure used, as well as the known biological principles governing tumor cell metastases in the liquor are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans 90 cas de tumeurs cérébrales histologiquement prouvées, une méthode améliorée de cytodiagnostic dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR) augmente de façon certaine la probabilité de révéler des cellules tumorales. Dans ce but on s'est servi d'un apparail spécial de sédimentation du LCR. Chez 32 patients des cellules tumorales ont pu être ainsi démontrées dans le sédiment du LCR. Ce sont les tumeurs secondaires du cerveau qui offrent les meilleures chances de rencontrer des cellules tumorales, et parmi les tumeurs neuro-épithéliales ce sont le médulloblastome et le glioblastome. Les difficultés du cytodiagnostic tumoral par comparaison, les limites qu'impose la méthode préconisée, et les principes biologiques qui régissent la dissémination de cellules tumorales dans le LCR sont discutées à la fin de ce travail.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An einem histopathologisch gesicherten Krankengut von 90 Hirntumorfällen wurde mittels einer verbesserten liquorcytodiagnostischen Methode unter Anwendung eines Liquorsedimentiergerätes die Trefferwahrscheinlichkeit einer gezielten Tumorzellsuche bestimmt. Bei 32 der Fälle konnten Tumorzellen im Liquorsediment nachgewiesen werden. Die Trefferwahrscheinlichkeit erwies sich als am größten für sekundäre Hirngeschwülste. Unter den neuroepithelialen Tumoren war sie am beträchtlichsten für Medulloblastome und Glioblastome. Es werden die Schwierigkeiten der vergleichenden Tumorcytodiagnostik, die durch die Methodik bedingten Einschränkungen und die bekannten biologischen Grundlagen der Tumorzellmetastasierung in den Liquor diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01809544
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological observations in the nervous system of prenatal mucopolysaccharidosis II (M. Hunter) (1979)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 48 (1979), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mucopolysaccharidosis II ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Electron microscopy ; Lysosomal storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic findings in the nervous system of a 23-week-old fetus are reported, in which MPS II was diagnosed prenatally. The degrees of myelination and neuronal differentiation were similar as in a normal fetus of the same age. A storage of mucopolysaccharides in typical vacuolar inclusion bodies was present throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, mainly in cells of mesenchymal origin. “Zebra” bodies and granulo-membranous bodies, which are thought to represent secondary ganglioside accumulation were only found in the well developed neurons of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia, but not in the poorly developed neurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Mucopolysaccharide storage in endothelial cells of cerebral blood vessels precedes the appearance of lipid storage in cerebral neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691155
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of lipids in the optic nerve of the mouse mutant “Jimpy” (1979)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 45 (1979), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mouse mutant Jimpy ; Optic nerve ; Lipid ultrastructure ; Phagolysosomes ; Phagocytes ; Histochemistry ; Freeze-etching ; Thin sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Optic nerves of the mouse mutant Jimpy and controls were studied in different developmental stages. The results cast some light on the nature and ultrastructure of intracellular lipids, which are a striking feature in the CNS of these affected mice. Light Microscopy. In the premyelination period the activity of acid phosphatase is quite similar in the lysosomes of both animal groups. A much higher increase of reaction product was found in Jimpy compared to controls during the advanced myelination stages. The normal glial cell arrangement in rows is absent in leucodystrophic animals. Electron Microscopy. Replicas of freeze-etched Jimpy optic nerves show lipid loaded cells exhibiting a plasma membrane different from that of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, thus suggesting a relationship to phagocyting microglia. Furthermore, the rare myelin membranes are almost particle free. Three types of structurally different lipid inclusions could be observed. Most of the lipidic bodies are surrounded by a membrane studded with particles. The freeze-fractured morphology of the lipid inclusions was compared with the appearance in thin sections, incubated for acid phosphatase demonstration. Acid phosphatase reaction product within all three types of lipid containing vesicles indicate the lysosomal nature of these structures, which may represent myelin breakdown products and/or myelin precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702674
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Pelizaeus-Merzbachersche Krankheit (1961)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 1 (1961), S. 113-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three cases of a familial syndrome exhibiting dwarfism, testicular atrophy of male members, tapeto-retinal degeneration and a pathologic neurological constellation with extra-pyramidal and pyramidal disturbances beginning after puberty and showing a chronic, progressive development are described. The histo-pathological findings showed a diffuse, patchy demyelinization extending over the white matter of the hemispheres with involvement of white matter fibers of the cortex and the central grey masses. The products of the demyelinization, in the form of pre-lipoids or metachromatic substances were not demonstrable; the axial cylinders in the demyelinated areas remained, for the most part, unaffected. Rarification of the glia and emphasis of oligodendroglia in the demyelinated patches with occurrence of nuclear inclusion bodies in the glia are presented as new findings in the sense of formal pathological changes of the cellular apparatus whereby the ganglion cells remain, for the most part, intact. Keeping in mind the degenerative glial changes whose formal manifestations are evoluated upon the occurrence of nuclear inclusion bodies, the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is seen as the expression of a special glial reaction form and is assigned to the other leuco-dystrophies which are classified according to the same pathophysiological points of view.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird bei drei Fällen ein familiäres Syndrom mit Zwergwuchs, bei den männlichen Gliedern mit Hodenatrophie, tapetoretinaler Degeneration und einem neurologischen Krankheitsbild mit extrapyramidal-pyramidalen Störungen mit Beginn nach der Pubertät und chronisch-progredientem Verlauf beschrieben. Der histopathologische Befund weist eine diffus-fleckförmig sich über das ganze Hemisphärenmark ausdehnende Entmarkung mit Miteinbezug der Markfasern der Rinde und der zentralen grauen Massen auf, wobei Myelinabbaustoffe in Form von Praelipoiden oder metachromatischer Substanz nicht nachweisbar und die Achsencylinder in den entmarkten Zonen weitgehend verschont sind. Das Krankheitsbild wird unter Zugrundelegung dieser wesentlichen morphologischen Kriterien derPelizaeus-Merzbacherschen Krankheit zugereiht. Als neuer Befund im Sinne formaler pathologischer Veränderungen des Zellapparates werden bei weitgehend erhaltenem Ganglienzellbestand die Rarefizierung der Glia und betont der Oligodendroglia in den entmarkten Flecken und das Inerscheinungstreten von Kerneinschlüssen in der Glia herausgestellt. Unter Berufung auf die zur Geltung kommenden degenerativen Gliaveränderungen, als deren formale Äußerung die Kerneinschlüsse gewertet werden, wird die Pelizaeus-Merzbachersche Krankheit als Ausdruck einer besonderen gliösen Reaktionsform den andern, nach gleichen pathophysiologischen Gesichtspunkten klassifizierten Leukodystrophien zugeordnet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685223
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral nerve changes in thiamine deficiency and starvation (1977)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 39 (1977), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Thiamine deficiency ; Starvation ; Axonal degeneration ; Dying-back neuropathy ; Mitochondrial increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigations on sciatic and plantar nerves of thiamine deficient and starved rats show a distally pronounced axonal degeneration. The changes are present in starved and thiamine deficient animals, but the deficient animals are more severely affected. The earliest alterations consist of an increase of mitochondria and a proliferation of vesicular elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. They are followed by loop formations of the axon membrane, clustering and disintegration of neurotubules and neurofilaments, axonal shrinkage and finally myelin disruption. The distal accentuation of the early changes indicates a dying-back mechanism of axonal degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691699
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in extracellular potassium during the spontaneous activity of medullary respiratory neurones (1978)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 376 (1978), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extracellular potassium activity ; Medullary respiratory neurones ; Spontaneous activity ; Vagal nerve stimulation ; Synchronization ; Synaptic transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 34 cats, the changes in extracellular potassium ion activity (aK) and extracellular spike activity within the pool of respiratory neurones in the dorsormedial and ventrolateral medulla were recorded using microelectrodes filled with a liquid potassium ion exchange resin. Cyclic changes in aK which parallel central respiratory activity were restricted to those regions where respiratory neurones are known to be localized. The largest changes in aK (0.1–0.3 mmol · l−1) were found within the ventral pool of inspiratory neurones. The aK increased during inspiration in parallel with the pattern of phrenic nerve activity. The smallest changes in aK (0.02–0.06 mmol · l−1) were observed within the ventral pool of expiratory neurones. Here, aK showed a transient increase during both inspiration and expiration. Within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, small fluctuations of aK were observed paralleling phrenic nerve activity and the afferent discharge of the intact vagal nerves. After the vagal nerves were cut, the changes in aK then paralleled phrenic nerve activity. The variations in aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones did not change after bilateral section of vagal nerves. Repetitive stimulation of the vagal nerves (0.1–0.5V, 0.05 ms) produced an increase in aK only within the dorsal pool of inspiratory neurones, whereas repetitive spinal cord stimulation (5–10V, 0.05 ms) resulted in an increase of aK within the ventral pool of respiratory neurones. The amplitude of the cyclic changes in aK increased significantly whenever the electrode approached individual respiratory neurones as verified by the amplitude and shape of the spikes recorded by the reference barrel. The maximal changes in aK then reached a peak amplitude of 1.3–1.5 mmol · l−1, the pattern of aK changes resembling that measured within the pools of neurones. The aK started to rise prior to the discharge of action potentials, indicating that the efflux of K+-ions was produced as a consequence of synaptic transmission. The functional importance of these changes in extracellular potassium is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581577
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimentelle Leuk-Encephalitis nach intrathecaler Verabreichung einer Mucopolysaccharase (Hyaluronidase) (1960)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 180 (1960), S. 416-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es konnte im Tierexperiment (Kaninchen) durch intrathecale Verabreichung hoher Dosen von Hyaluronidase bei einmaliger Gabe eine entzündliche Reaktion vornehmlich der ventrikelnahen Marksubstanz mit perivasculären Infiltraten und gliösen Wucherungen erzielt werden. Die Begleitmeningitis war durch eine beträchtliche Exsudation mit zum Teil starkem prozentualem Anteil eosinophiler Leukocyten gekennzeichnet. Encephalitis und Begleitmeningitis ließen sich histologisch mit eindrücklicher Konstanz nachweisen. Das gleiche gilt für die Liquorpleocytose. Es werden die möglichen pathogenetischen Faktoren im Sinne einer Arbeitshypothese besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242780
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Vorkommen von Plasmazellen im Liquor cerebrospinalis bei der Multiplen Skerose (1964)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 185 (1964), S. 606-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird auf das Vorkommen von Plasmazellen im Liquor cerebrospinalis bei Multipler Sklerose hingewiesen. Das dadurch ausgezeichnete pathologische Liquorsyndrom ließ sich im Rahmen einer eingehenden liquorcytologischen Untersuchung bei 70 von 111 Fällen mit Multipler Sklerose (63%) als der Häufigste pathologische Liquorbefund aufdecken. Der Plasmazellnachweis gewinnt an diagnostischer Bedeutung durch das Vorkommen bei ausbleibender oder geringgradiger Zellvermehrung. Die cytogenetischen, pathogenetischen Hintergründe sowie die denkbaren Zusammenhänge des Plasmazellvorkommens mit der Genese der bei der Multiplen Sklerose bekannten prozentualen γ-Globulinvermehrung werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243643
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic aspects of peripheral nerve changes in progressive neural muscular atrophy (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1976), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve ; Peroneal muscular atrophy ; Nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 2 Patienten mit progressiver neuraler Muskelatrophie wurden Nervenbiopsien jeweils in einem frühen und in einem fortgeschrittenerem Stadium der Erkrankung entnommen und verglichen. In beiden Fällen zeigten bereits die frühen Biopsien ein völliges Fehlen der großkalibrigen, dickbemarkten Axone. Ebenfalls als frühe Veränderung wurde eine Erweiterung des endoneuralen Interstitiums festgestellt. Eine geringe Anzahl der vorhandenen bemarkten und unbemarkten Axone in allen Biopsien wies degenerative Veränderungen auf. Die für die progressive neurale Muskelatrophie typische Zwiebelschalenbildung der Schwannschen Zellen — möglicherweise eine Reaktion auf wiederholte De-und Remyelinisierungsvorgänge um dystrophische Axone — trat erst in den späteren Biopsien deutlicher hervor. Hinsichtlich der formalen Genese der hypertrophischen Neuropathie bei neuraler Muskelatrophie sind nach diesen Beobachtungen axonale Dystrophie und interstitielle Veränderungen des Endoneuriums als primäre Entmarkung und Zwiebelschalenbildung als sekundäre Phänomene zu betrachten. Die Möglichkeit einer kausalen Beziehung zwischen axonaler Dystrophie und interstitiellen Veränderungen wird an Hand der vorliegenden Befunde und Literatur diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Serial nerve biopsies were performed at an early, and at an advanced stage of the disease in 2 patients with progressive neural muscular atrophy. The early biopsy showed a complete loss of the large diameter and thickly myelinated fibres, as well as an expansion of the endoneurial interstitium in both cases. Myelinated and unmyelinated fibres exhibited axonal degeneration in all biopsies occasionally. “Onion bulb” formation, a typical feature of peripheral neuropathy in neural muscular atrophy, was found to be prominent only in the latter biopsies. As regards the formal pathogenesis of hypertrophic neuropathy in neural muscular atrophy, axonal dystrophy and interstitial changes of the endoneurium were regarded as primary phenomena, demyelination and “onion bulb” formation as secondary. A possible causal relation between axonal dystrophy and interstitial changes, observed in these cases, is discussed in the light of the present literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313355
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Hallervorden-Spatzsche Krankheit (1963)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 204 (1963), S. 589-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Darlegung eines Falles von infantiler Form der Hallervorden-Spatzschen Krankheit mit psychomotorischer Retardierung von Geburt an und daraus hervorgehender extrapyramidaler Symptomatik mit im Endstadium hochgradiger Starre, Demenz und Amaurose. Pathologischanatomisch einprägsamer Befund einer fast elektiven pallido-nigralen Systemerkrankung mit charakteristischer Pigmentablagerung und eher geringfügiger Schollenbildung bei fast unversehrtem Ganglienzellbesatz. Diskussion der Befunde im Hinblick auf die Annahme einer Pigmentspeicherkrankheit zufolge einer endogenen Gliainsuffizienz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352713
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