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  • 1975-1979  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 14 (1975), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden Zäh- und Elastizitätseigenschaften von Bitumensorten bei zyklischer und kontinuierlicher Schubverformung und bei Vereinigung beider Verformungsbeanspruchungen. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeugen von ähnlichem Zäh- und Elastizitätsverhalten von Bitumen und Polymerstoffen. Es wurde gezeigt, daß für die untersuchten Bitumensorten die Abhängigkeit der dynamischen Viskosität von der Frequenz im linearen Gebiet und die der effektiven Viskosität von der Schubgeschwindigkeit zusammenfallen. Aufgestellt wurden Relaxationsspektren von Bitumen, die vom Vorhandensein einer Relaxationszeitverteilung zeugen, die komplizierter als dieGaußsche Verteilung ist. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die zyklische Verformung mit großen Scheitelwerten eine Abstumpfung vom Niederfrequenzteil der Frequenzabhängigkeiten der Elastizitätsmoduln und der Verluste verursacht, wobei die Abstumpfung um so höher liegt, je größer die Amplitude der Verformungsgeschwindigkeit ist. Die Abhängigkeit des Absolutwertes der komplexen Viskosität von der Amplitude der Verformungsgeschwindigkeit im Bereich der höheren Amplituden ist der Abhängigkeit der effektiven Viskosität von der Schubgeschwindigkeit formähnlich. Jedoch wirkt die Amplitude der Verformungsgeschwindigkeit verschiedenartig auf den Absolutwert der komplexen Viskosität und auf die effektive Viskosität ein. Es wurde eine Vermutung über die komplizierte Art der Änderung des Relaxationsspektrums bei zyklischer Verformung mit großen Amplituden geäußert.
    Notes: Summary Viscoelastic properties of bitumens have been investigated under cyclic and continuous shear deformation and under the joint effect of both types of deformation. The experimental results indicate a similarity between the viscoelastic behaviour of bitumens and polymer systems. It is shown that for the bitumens studied the curves of the loss modulus against frequency in the linear region, and of the shear stress against the shear rate, coincide. Relaxation spectra of bitumens have been constructed, which point to a relaxation-time distribution more complicated than theGaussian distribution. It has been established that cyclic deformation with large amplitudes causes the truncation of the low-frequency portion of the curves of the storage and loss moduli against frequency, which is higher, the greater the deformation rate amplitude. The dependence of the absolute value of the complex viscosity on the deformation rate amplitude, in the range of large amplitudes, is symbatic to the dependence of the apparent viscosity on the shear rate. The deformation rate amplitude, however, affects the absolute value of the complex viscosity and the apparent viscosity in different ways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 16 (1977), S. 266-281 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das rheologische Verhalten von acht Bitumenproben, die für Asphalt-Zemente Verwendung finden, wird untersucht. Es handelt sich dabei um oxidierte Bitumina verschiedener Zusammensetzung und mit verschiedenem Oxidationsgrad, sowie um eine Probe Rückstands-Bitumen. Diese werden über einen weiten Bereich von Schergeschwindigkeiten, Frequenzen, Deformationsamplituden und Temperaturen untersucht. Das Fließen der Bitumina kann von elastischen Deformationen überlagert werden. Im Bereich niedriger Schubspannungen entspricht die Beziehung zwischen rückstellbarer Deformation und Spannung dem Hookeschen Gesetz für Scherung, mit einem vom Asphalten-Gehalt abhängigen Wert des Moduls. Im Bereich hoher Spannungen erreicht die rückstellbare Deformation der Bitumina etwa 60%. Oxidierte und Rückstands-Bitumina von übereinstimmender Zusammensetzung zeigen ein praktisch übereinstimmendes viskoelastisches Verhalten. Je nach dem Asphaltengehalt variiert das rheologische Verhalten der Bitumina vom typischen Verhalten eines Polymersystems bis zu dem eines dispersen Systems. Es wird experimentell nachgewiesen, daß für Bitumina mit einem schwach entwickelten Struktur-Skelett die Schubspannung bei der stationären Scherung mit dem Verlustmodul einer periodischen Deformation bei kleiner Amplitude übereinstimmt, wenn man die Schergeschwindigkeit mit der Frequenz gleichsetzt. Dagegen ist für strukturierte Bitumina kein derartiger Zusammenhang feststellbar. Die Bitumina sind empfindlich gegenüber Amplitude und Frequenz einer periodischen Deformation. Sowohl die Viskosität als auch die dynamischen Moduln ändern sich unter dem Einfluß von Scherschwingungen großer Amplitude erheblich, wobei wiederum der Asphaltengehalt von Bedeutung ist. Die Frequenzabhängigkeit der dynamischen Moduln ermöglicht eine Abgrenzung zweier charakteristischer Bereiche des viskoelastischen Verhaltens, nämlich des Fließbereichs und des Übergangsbereichs zum Plateau des Speichermoduls. Die Intensität der Veränderung in den dynamischen Moduln hängt in ausgeprägter Weise von der Gruppenzusammensetzung der Bitumina ab. Die Anfangswerte der Relaxationszeit, welche dem undeformierten Zustand korrespondieren, werden aus dynamischen Messungen bei niedrigen Frequenzen extrapoliert. Es handelt sich dabei um einen besonders strukturempfindlichen Parameter. Die Verwendung dieser Relaxationszeit ermöglicht die Herstellung einer verallgemeinerten Relaxationscharakteristik der Bitumina, welche bezüglich der Struktur, dem Verarbeitungsprozeß, der Natur, dem Oxidationsgrad, der Temperatur sowie der Frequenz der Zwangsbean-spruchung invariant ist. Eine verallgemeinerte Temperaturabhängigkeit des Reduktionskoeffizienten in einer Gleichung vom WLF-Typ wird erhalten, wobei als Reduktionstemperatur die Erweichungstemperatur gewählt wird. Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung des viskoelastischen Verhaltens der Bitumina vorgeschlagen, wobei außer der für eine einzige Temperatur bekannten Fließkurve nur noch der Erweichungspunkt sowie die Relaxationszeit bei einer einzigen Frequenz benötigt werden.
    Notes: Summary The rheological behaviour of eight specimens of bitumens which can be used in asphalt cements has been studied. These are oxidized bitumens of different group composition and degree of oxidation, as well as a specimen of residual bitumen. They were investigated over a wide range of shear rates, frequencies, deformation amplitudes, and temperatures. The bitumen flow may be attended by accumulation of elastic (recoverable) deformations. In the region of low shear stresses the relationship between recoverable deformation and stress corresponds to the Hooke law in shear, and its value depends on the asphaltene content. In the high-stress region the recoverable deformations of the bitumens investigated may reach 0.6 relative unit. Oxidized and residual bitumens of identical group composition show a practically identical viscoelastic behaviour. Depending on the asphaltene content, the rheological behaviour of bitumens may vary from one typical of polymer systems to one typical of disperse systems. It has been established experimentally that for bitumens with a weakly developed structural skeleton the shear stress in stationary flow coincides with the loss modulus in small-amplitude cyclic deformation provided the shear rate and frequency are numerically equal. For structurized bitumens, no correlation of this kind is observed. Bitumens are systems sensitive to the amplitude and frequency of oscillatory shear. The viscosity and dynamic characteristics of bitumens change substantially under the effect of large-amplitude oscillatory shear. The scope of these changes is essentially determined by the asphaltene content. The frequency dependence of the dynamic characteristic enables one to isolate two characteristic regions of viscoelastic behaviour of bitumens: the flow region and that of transition to the storage modulus plateau. The intensity of the change in the dynamic characteristics in the flow region strongly depends on the group composition of the bitumens. The initial values of the relaxation time of bitumens corresponding to their initial undeformed state have been determined from dynamic measurements at low frequencies by extrapolating to the zero frequency. This is one of the most structure-sensitive parameters of the bitumens. The use of this relaxation time makes it possible to plot a generalized relaxation characteristic of the bitumens, which is invariant to the structure and type of the bitumen, the manufacturing process, the nature, the depth of oxidation, the temperature and frequency of coercion. A generalized temperature dependence of the reduction coefficient described by an equation of the type of Williams-Landell-Ferry has been obtained. The softening point of the bitumen was adopted as the reduction temperature. A method for evaluating the viscoelastic behaviour of bitumens on the basis of the known flow curve at a single temperature, the softening point, and the relaxation time at a single frequency is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 751-767 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During the flow of high molecular weight, narrow-, and broad-distribution polybutadienes and polyisoprenes rheo-optical measurements were conducted of extensional stresses acting along the flow axis in the preentrance and entrance regions of the duct and of their subsequent relaxation in the duct. The extensional stresses increase in the preentrance region, reach their maximum values at a distance of two or three tenths of the duct width from its edges, and then relax. The position of the maximum extensional stress is independent of polymer characteristics, shear stresses in the duct, and shape of the entrance and dimensions of the rectangular duct. The dependence of the maximum extensional stress on the shear stress of the duct wall can be assumed to be linear for small values. The length of the stress relaxation zone depends on the shear stress at the duct wall and the molecular mass distribution. It is independent of the molecular masses in narrow-distribution polymers. For the polymers investigated, a generalized dependence was obtained for the reduced duct length over which the extensional stresses relax to zero from the reduced deformation rate. This dependence takes into account the characteristic polymer relaxation times and the value of the molecular mass of the chain between the fluctuation entanglement. A considerable decrease in the duct's length-to-width ratio leads to an increase in the maximum values of the extensional stresses. A decreases in the duct entrance angle causes a reduction in the rate of increase of extensional stresses, the maximum values, and the acceleration of the relaxation processes in the duct. A decrease in the ratio of the width of the preentrance region to the duct width leads to a reduction in the maximum in extensional stresses. It is shown that one of the causes for the instability of the polymer flow in the ducts can be the rupture of polymers due to their extension in the preentrance and entrance regions. Calculations were done that describe satisfactorily the relationship between the values of the maximum extensional stresses and the shear rate and stresses on the duct wall.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 727-749 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High molecular weight linear polymers and their concentrated solutions were investigated over a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes of oscillatory deformation. At definite critical deformation and stress amplitudes, the resistance to deformation drops abruptly as a result of the rupture of continuity of polymer specimens in the region of action of the highest shear stresses. The lowest critical values of deformation rate amplitudes are inversely proportional to the initial viscosity and correspond quantitatively to the critical shear rates at which the spurt occurs during the flow of polymeric systems in ducts. The spurt effect is due to the transition of the polymer systems to the forced high-elastic state, in which they behave like quasi-cured polymers whose deformability is always limited. Up to the critical values of the stress amplitudes, narrow-distribution high molecular weight linear flexible-chain polymers behave like Hookean bodies, whereas the broad-distribution polymers show a sharply defined nonlinear behavior which asymptotically passes to a spurt. The amplitude dependence of the dynamic characteristics of the high molecular weight linear polymers, as well as their non-Newtonian behavior, is due to polymolecularity. An increase in deformation amplitudes reduces the frequency at which the spurt, and hence the transition of the polymer systems to the high-elastic state, is observed. Therefore, under conditions of oscillatory deformation the physical state (fluid or high-elastic) is determined not only by the frequency but also by the value of deformation. In the high-elastic state region (estimated at low amplitude deformation), the critical deformation amplitude is frequency independent and has an unambiguous relationship with the molecular mass of the chain (Me) between the entanglements. For the bulk polymers studied, the spurt in the high-elastic state occurs at stress amplitudes of the order of 105 N/m2 irrespective of frequency, molecular mass, or polymolecularity. In concentrated polymer solutions, in the high-elastic state the critical stress amplitudes decrease with reducing polymer content, whereas the critical deformation amplitudes increase.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 665-677 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship was investigated between birefringence and oscillatory shear deformation of linear high molecular mass polymers exemplified by narrow- and broad-distribution polybutadienes and polyisoprenes. Polymer deformation at different frequencies and amplitudes was carried out in an annular gap. The stress field uniformity was not below 95%. It was shown that in oscillatory deformation of polymers in the fluid and high-elastic states, birefringence contains a time-independent steady component and an oscillatory component with a frequency equal to that of the assigned oscillation. A linear interrelation was found to exist between the amplitude of the oscillatory component of birefringence and that of the shear stresses, with a proportionality factor equal to the stress-optical coefficient of the polymers. The phase of the oscillatory component of birefringence coincides with that of the shear stresses. Measurements of the steady component of the birefringence make it possible to find the steady component of the first normal stress difference resulting from the assignment of shear oscillations to the polymer. On the basis of the experimental data obtained for polybutadienes and polyisoprenes, and the literature data for polystyrene solutions, a master curve was constructed that generalizes the dependence of the steady component of the first normal stress difference in the linear and nonlinear deformation regimes on the product of the square of the deformation amplitude and the storage modulus measured at low amplitudes. This dependence is valid in the linear and nonlinear deformation regimes. It is invariant with frequency, amplitude deformation, molecular mass, and molecular mass distribution of the polymers. It is shown by visual observation of deformation that the abrupt drop in resistance of polymer to shear in large-amplitude deformation is due to polymer rupture near the surface of the inner cylinder and is accompanied by a slip-stick process. This is the phenomenon of spurt early observed in capillary viscometers at high shear stresses and recently investigated in coaxial cylinder devices at large amplitude deformation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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