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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relations between the effect of tetanus toxin on the neuromuscular transmission and histological functional properties of various muscles of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Neuromuscular transmission ; Fast and slow muscles ; White, red, and intermediate muscle fibres ; End-plate structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Various doses of tetanus toxin were injected into three hind leg and two fore leg muscles of the rat. The neuromuscular transmission was tested by recording the mass action potential of the muscles elicited by a single electrical stimulus to the motor nerve after strong symptoms of local tetanus had developed. The muscle responses were depressed and blocked at lower toxin doses in the fast tibialis anterior than in the mixed gastrocnemius latemlis, while blocking of the slow soleus required the highest dose. The extensor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles showed medium sensitivity. In all five muscles the contraction time was measured and correlated with its individual minimal blocking dose. The more phasic (i.e., the faster) the muscle, the more sensitive its neuromuscular transmission was to tetanus toxin. The proportional distribution of red, white, and intermediate fibres, which are associated with specific end-plate types, was evaluated for the five muscles. The percentage of white fibres in the muscles displayed a very good negative correlation with the blocking dose. The relation between structures of end-plates and effects of tetanus toxin were analysed and it is suggested that the differences in sensitivity to tetanus toxin in the neuromuscular transmission in the five muscles is determined by a differential distribution of endplates with varying sensitivities to this toxin due to structural properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236739
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst (1980)
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 9 (1980), S. 43-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Keywords: Uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst ; Urinoma ; Pseudocyst, perirenal ; Calcification, abdominal ; Mass, abdominal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Radiologically visible calcification in the wall of a uriniferous perirenal pseudocyst is rare. This unusual finding was seen in a newborn infant who was found to have a left flank mass on the first day of life. When perirenal pseudocysts occur in infants, they are usually caused by congenital obstructive lesions of the urinary tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973970
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bulbar inhibition of spinal and supraspinal sympathetic reflex discharges (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 326 (1971), S. 324-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal Sympathetic Reflex ; Spinal Sympathetic Reflex ; Supraspinal Sympathetic Reflex ; Noradrenaline ; Baroceptor Afferent Stimulation ; Inhibitory Descending Pathways ; Sympathische Reflexe ; Spinale sympathische Reflexe ; Supraspinale sympathische Reflexe ; Noradrenalin ; Bulbäre depressorische Reizung ; Hemmende absteigende Fasern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In chloralose anesthetized cats, the sympathetic reflex discharge was recorded from the renal sympathetic nerve. 2. The early-spinal and late-supraspinal sympathetic reflex discharges were elicited by single electrical stimulation of the thoracic dorsal roots. 3. Increased excitation of the baroceptor afferents produced by a rise of blood pressure after injection of noradrenaline caused strong inhibitition of the latesupraspinal reflex discharge. The early-spinal reflex discharge was only rarely affected. 4. Electrical stimulation of the medullary depressor area caused inhibition of the spinal and supraspinal reflex discharges. 5. It is concluded that spinal reflex pathways receive some inhibitory descending influences from the medulla oblongata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586996
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rhythmic activity in the cerebellum and spinal cord of rabbits receiving tetanus toxin intravenously (1981)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 317 (1981), S. 51-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus ; Toxin ; Cerebellum ; Spinal cord ; Motoneuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In rabbits intravenously injected with tetanus toxin (2×105 mouse LD50), a rhythmic electrical activity was recorded in the cerebellum and in the spinal cord. 2. The motor system appears to be strongly involved in this event, since the ventral roots displayed rhythmic activity correlated to the spinal cord rhythm. Extracellular recordings showed the same rhythmic discharge pattern in many alpha- and gamma-motoneurons and Renshaw cells of hindlimb flexor and extensor muscles. 3. Upon high spinalization at C1, the rhythm could be recorded in the cerebellum but no longer in the spinal cord. Cooling of the cerebellar surface suppressed the rhythm in both structures. 4. The data are discussed under the current view, that generalized tetanus is a special form of local tetanus. 5. We suggest that the rhythmic activity is of supraspinal origin and is transmitted to alpha- and gamma-motoneurons of both the flexor and extensor motor systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506256
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of tetanus toxin on the monosynaptic reflex (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 323 (1983), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Local tetanus ; Spinal cord ; Monosynaptic reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tetanus toxin was injected at various doses (0.1–10,000 mouse MLD/kg) into the gastrocnemius muscle of the left hind leg of the cat. The relative excitability of the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) was increased in the very early period of the intoxication decreased in the later period, during which the MSR of the gastrocnemius was either partially or totally depressed at doses as low as 10 mouse MLD/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497666
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlations between changes of activity of the renal sympathetic nerve and behavioural events in unrestrained cats (1974)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 69 (1974), S. 243-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, mit Hilfe implantierter Ableite-Elektroden sympathische Aktionspotentiale über längere Zeit vom nichtnarkotisierten Tier zu registrieren. Die abgeleitete sympathische Aktivität wird mit den Stadien Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmik korreliert. Außerdem wird die Antwort auf Schallreize, Asphyxie und emotionelle Reize untersucht. Es ergaben sich folgende Befunde: Im synchronisierten Schlaf ist die sympathische Aktivität nicht signifikant erhöht gegenüber Wachheit mit Motorik oder Ruhe. Im desynchronisierten Schlaf ist die sympathische Aktivität signifikant vermindert auf Null, abgesehen von einigen Episoden des Wiederaufflackerns. Weck- und Aufmerksamkeitsreaktionen sind von einer Verminderung der sympathischen Aktivität begleitet. Eine starke Erhöhung der sympathischen Aktivität wurde bei emotionellem Streß und bei Asphyxie beobachtet. Die Befunde werden verglichen mit Befunden von Autoren, die aufgrund von Kreislaufmessungen Aussagen über die Sympathikusaktivität gemacht haben. Dabei wird gefunden, da\ der Nierensympathikus sich so verhält, wie von den meisten Autoren aus Kreislaufmessungen für den Sympathikus ganz allgemein geschlossen wurde. Ein Einfluß der Veränderungen der Aktivität des Nierensympathikus auf die Nierendurchblutung scheint nur bei starker Aktivierung zu bestehen.
    Notes: Summary From the unanaesthetized cat sympathetic action potentials were recorded by means of implantable electrodes. The recorded sympathetic activity was correlated with the states of sleep and wakefulness. The reactions on asphyxia as well as on acoustic and emotional stimuli were studied. The following results were obtained: During synchronized sleep the sympathetic activity was not significantly increased in relation to wakefulness and relaxed wakefulness. During desynchronized sleep, the sympathetic activity was decreased significantly to zero except for some periods of flaring up. Arousal as well as alertness reactions were accompanied by a decrease of sympathetic activity. A strong increase of sympathetic activity was observed during emotional stress and during asphyxia. The results were discussed in respect to authors, who have made suggestions concerning sympathetic activity after measurement of circulation parameters. It was found that the renal sympathetic nerve shows changes of activity, as proposed as generally valid for the sympathetic nervous system, whereas an influence of changes in sympathetic activity on renal blood flow seems to exist only during strong activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01906205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muskeldurchblutung und sympathische Aktionspotentiale während einer Vasodilatation durch zentrale Reizung (1974)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 69 (1974), S. 320-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An narkotisierten Katzen wurden während einer elektrischen Reizung in der “defence area” des Hypothalamus sowie in pressorischen Gebieten des Hypothalamus und der Medulla oblongata die sympathischen Aktionspotentiale eines Nierennervs, der Blutfluß durch die Hinterextremitäten und der Blutdruck kontinuierlich gemessen. Die Versuche wurden zum Teil an jeweils zwei Katzen mit gekreuztem Kreislauf durchgeführt. Bei der Reizung in der “defence area” stieg die Frequenz der sympathischen Aktionspotentiale zunächst an, sie wurden aber etwa 3 sec nach Reizbeginn für einige Sekunden gehemmt. Während dieser Hemmung entwickelte sich die für eine Reizung in der “defence area” typische Durchblutungszunahme in den Muskelgefäßen. Die Dauer der Hemmung veränderte sich mit der Stärke des Blutdruckanstiegs und korrelierte mit der Widerstandsabnahme in den Hinterextremitäten. Die Hemmung kann allein nicht die Ursache der Vasodilatation sein, aber die Dilatation entwickelt sich in dieser Periode. Mit dem Wiedereinsetzen der sympathischen Aktionspotentiale wurde die Blutflußzunahme in den Hinterextremitäten verzögert. Reize in anderen Gebieten des Hypothalamus, also nicht in der “defence area”, die zu einer vasokonstriktion führten, verursachten keine Hemmung der sympathischen Aktionspotentiale während der Reizung. Die Dilatation setzte mit einer Latenz von etwa 5 sec nach Beizbeginn ein, während die Latenz für eine Vasokonstriktion nur 2 sec betrug.
    Notes: Summary Sympathetic action potentials from renal nerves were recorded in anaesthetized cats during stimulation of the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. Blood pressure and blood flow through the hind limbs were measured continuously; in the same cats the isolated hind limb was perfused from a donor cat. Stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area caused an increase of sympathetic activity for 3 sec; after this an inhibition of a few seconds duration was observed. The onset of this inhibition was followed by the typical increase of muscle blood flow. This increase was abolished after treatment with atropin (5 mg/kg). The duration of inhibition depended on the slope and magnitude of blood pressure increase and correlated well with the decrease of flow resistance in the muscle vessels. With reappearance of sympathic activity the flow increase was diminishing. The inhibition of sympathetic action potentials did not last long enough to explain the magnitude of the increase in blood flow. Stimulation outside the defence area caused no inhibition of sympathetic activity. The vasodilatation usually occurred with a latency of about 5 sec, whereas the latency for vasoconstriction amounted to 2 seconds only. It is concluded that the vasodilatation observed is not due to an inhibition of sympathetic activity, though vasodilatation occurred to the greatest extent during the inhibitory interval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01906211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of chemiluminescence and rabbit alveolar macrophages in determining toxicity of coal combustion effluents (1984)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 317 (1984), S. 696-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conclusions CL is a more rapid sensitive method for detection of RAM functional impairment than more conventional methods such as NBT dye reduction or percent phagocytosis. This is true for heavy metals such as vanadium or more complex organic mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593854
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