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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words HIV-1 ; T-cells ; CD69 ; Activation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the use of a whole-blood assay that measures spontaneous and activation-induced CD69 expression on peripheral blood T-cells in vitro for assessment of T-cell function in HIV-1-infected paediatric patients. Heparinized venous blood from 28 HIV-1 positive children and adolescents and 23 healthy controls was incubated for 4 h with or without 5 μg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Thereafter, analysis of CD69 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was done by flow cytometry; simultaneously we determined CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load. Neither spontaneous nor PHA-induced CD69 expression differed significantly between HIV-1 positive patients and healthy controls. However, T-cells from HIV-1 positive patients with plasma HIV-1 viral load levels above 70 × 103 copies/ml showed a higher spontaneous CD69 expression than T-cells from patients with lower plasma viral load levels in different stages of the disease. Antiretroviral treatment in four patients reduced spontaneous CD69 expression in CD4+ T-cells and PHA-induced CD69 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells significantly after 8 weeks of therapy. Conclusion Spontaneous and activation-induced expression of the early (activation) antigen CD69 on peripheral blood T-cells does not distinguish HIV-1 positive patients from HIV-1 negative healthy controls and is not correlated with peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts. This test may not be a reliable marker for functional T-cell deficiency during early stages of HIV disease. Increased spontaneous as well as PHA-induced CD69 expression on T-cells from HIV-1-infected children and adolescents in vitro may rather reflect HIV-induced pre-activation of T-cells in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 31 (1993), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Air Flow ; Human ; Nasal cavity ; Nose ; Turbinate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nasal cavity is the main passage for air flow between the ambient atmosphere and the lungs. A preliminary requisite for any investigation of the mechanisms of each of its main physiological functions, such as filtration, air-conditioning and olfaction, is a basic knowledge of the air-flow pattern in this cavity. However, its complex three-dimensional structure and inaccessibility has traditionally prevented a detailed examination of internalin vivo orin vitro airflow patterns. To gain more insight into the flow pattern in inaccessible regions of the nasal cavity we have conducted a mathematical simulation of asymmetric airflow patterns through the nose. Development of a nose-like model, which resembles the complex structure of the nasal cavity, has allowed for a detailed analysis of various boundary conditions and structural parameters. The coronal and sagittal cross-sections of the cavity were modeled as trapezoids. The inferior and middle turbinates were represented by curved plates that emerge from the lateral walls. The airflow was considered to be incompressible, steady and laminar. Numerical computations show that the main air flux is along the cavity floor, while the turbinate structures direct the flow in an anterior-posterior direction. The presence of the turbinates and the trapezoidal shape of the cavity force more air flux towards the olfactory organs at the top of the cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 2163-2171 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The skin-core morphology of injection-molded polypropylene bars has been investigated employing X-ray small-and wide-angle scattering. The small-angle scattering has been evaluated by means of interface distribution functions. It is found that skin and core exhibit different morphologies. In the skin, the crystal lamellae are oriented primarily around the c axis, but a (small) fraction of a*-axis-oriented lamellae also exists. The lamellar thickness in the skin layer measured from the meridional small-angle X-ray scattering shows higher values than in the core. The composition of the monoclinic α1, α2 crystal modifications show dependencies that are typical for the cooling conditions in the mold during injection. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996), S. 1891-1896 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization behavior of an isotactic polypropylene/linear low-density polyethylene blend (PP/LLDPE) that is modified with styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) has been investigated using differential thermoanalysis and polarization microscopy. SEBS, which enhances the impact resistance of the blend, has an effect on both the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of the polypropylene component. Nucleation half times, nucleation densities, and spherulite growth rates are influenced by the presence of the copolymer. It is found that SEBS, depending on its concentration in the blend, increases the adhesion between matrix and PE domains and acts simultaneously as the matrix reinforcer. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 74 (1978), S. 147-164 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The phase-structure of high impact polypropylene (HIPP) has been investigated using X-ray wide-angle and small-angle techniques. The results are compared with structural data obtained by measuring the correspondent homopolymers. The WAXS-curves show that the polyethylene and polypropylene building up the HIPP are built in separate crystals. The SAXS-curves make clear, that the PE- as well as PP-crystals stack together in separated superstructural regions. Theoretical calculations of the SAXS-curves employing the “stapel”-model yield structure parameters characterising the superstructures of both phases. The temperature dependence of the superstructure parameters of both phases shows clearly, that the crystals melt according to a model proposed by Kilian. A comparison of the superstructure data of the HIPP with those of the investigated homopolymers shows, that the phases of the HIPP are separated to an extent allowing both the PE and PP phase to crystallize undisturbed like in the homopolymer.
    Notes: Die Phasenstruktur einer schlagzähen Polypropylenprobe (HIPP) wird mit Hilfe von Röntgenweit-und Kleinwinkelstreuung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Strukturdaten verglichen, die an parallel untersuchten Polyethylen-und Polypropylen-Homopolymeren erhalten werden. Die Röntgenweitwinkelstreukurven zeigen, daß das Polyethylen und Polypropylen im HIPP in getrennte Kristalle eingebaut wird. Aus den Röntgenkleinwinkelstreukurven wird deutlich, daß sich die PE-und PP-Kristalle in getrennten Überstrukturbereichen zusammenlagern. Berechnungen der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreukurven mit dem Stapelmodell ergeben Strukturparameter, mit denen die Üerstrukturen der beiden Komponenten charakterisiert werden können. Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten der Überstrukturparameter zeigen, daß die Kristalle sowohl in der PF-wie auch in der PP-Komponente größensekutiv entsprechend einem Modell von Kilian aufschmelzen. Der Vergleich der Überstrukturdaten des HIPP mit denen der Homopolymeren zeigt, daß die beiden Komponenten des HIPP so weitgehend entmischt sind, daß sie wie im Homopolymeren kristallisieren können. Bei gleicher Vorbehandlung der Proben entstehen daher sowohl im HIPP als auch in den Homopolymeren nahezu identische Überstrukturen.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 85-99 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Blends of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) and trans-polyoctenylene (TOR), prepared from solution, exhibit unexpected mechanical properties at specific mass fractions of TOR: While generally the elastic modulus E decreases continuously with increasing TOR content, it surpasses a maximum for mass fractions of TOR around 0,10. The reason for this behaviour is investigated. It turns out that the crystallinity as well as the crystal morphology (which is investigated by evaluating small-angle X-ray scattering by interface distribution functions) does not explain the mechanical behaviour. The order of the lamellar stacks (number of orientation-correlated crystals) proves to be well correlated with the course of the elastic modulus. This order is a consequence of the increasing dispersion of TOR at mass fractions between 0,075 and 0,20 creating interfaces and infecting subsequently the crystallization conditions in the sample.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 192 (1991), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization kinetics of thin films of isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) and transpolyoctenylene rubber (TOR) was investigated by optical microscopy. Nucleation densities, Avrami exponents and spherulitic growth rates show specific dependencies on the concentration of TOR in the blend. From the results it is concluded, that at a mass fraction of TOR wTOR = 0,10 the TOR is more finely dispersed in the blend than for other compositions. Due to the subsequent formation of interfaces, the nucleation is found to be predominantly heterogeneous at wTOR = 0,10, while it is preferentially homogeneous at all other compositions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 130 (1985), S. 155-170 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung an Legierungen von isotaktischem Polystyrol (iPS) und Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylenoxid) (PPO) wurden Strukturparameter durch Berechnung von Grenzflächenverteilungsfunktionen bestimmt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine Reihe von Parametern wie die mittlere Dicke von Lamellen und interlamellaren Abständen sowie die Langperiode trotz z. T. großer Unsicherheiten bei der Korrektur der experimentellen Streukurve mit großer Genauigkeit bestimmt werden können. Die aus Grenzflächenverteilungsfunktionen bestimmten Werte wurden mit Ergebnissen aus Modellstreukurvenberechnungen verglichen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß theoretische Berechnungen mit einem Modell, das zusätzlich zur kristallinen und amorphen Dichte die mittlere Dichte der Probe berücksichtigt, im wesentlichen dieselben Parameter liefern wie die aus den Grenzflächenverteilungsfunktionen bestimmten.
    Notes: Morphological parameters of isotactic polystyrene (iPS) · poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO) blends have been determined from measurements of the small angle X-ray scattering by calculating interface distribution functions. Applied to the compatible system iPS/PPO this method yields a number of reliable parameters such as the long period and mean thicknesses of crystal lamellae and interlamellar spacings. A comparison of the results obtained from the calculation of the interface distribution functions with those derived from model calculations show that theoretical calculations using the density model yield essentially the same results.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 120 (1984), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Lattice parameters of the core-fibrils in annealed polypropylene/poly(1-butene) blends, crystallized from the oriented melt, have been measured.The unit-cell parameters for pure PP and PB-1 agree well with literature values, while in the blends a lattice expansion is measured: the lattice spacings of both components increase with decreasing concentration of the respective second component.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 119 (1983), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The lateral thickness of the polypropylene core crystals in oriented polypropylene (PP)/poly-1-butene (PB-1), blends has been determined by an analysis of the x-ray wide angle scattering. The core crystal thickness decreases with decreasing polypropylene weight fraction from ca. 300 Å (weight average) or 400 Å (number average) to approximately 100 Å. Mixed crystals, where PP and PB-1 chains are solidified, cannot be found. The change of needle thickness with PP-concentration explains the melting point depression that had been measured on the same set of samples. The lattice distortions increase slightly with decreasing PP content. They appear concentrated primarily within a lateral boundary layer, whose thickness is only slightly depended on the core crystal thickness.
    Notes: Die laterale Dicke der Polypropylen-Nadelkristalle in orientierten Blends aus Poly-propylen (PP) und Poly-I-buten (PB-1) wurde durch eine Analyse der Röntgenweitwinkelstreuung bestimmt. Die Nadeldicke nimmt von ca. 300 Å (Gewichtsmittel) bzw. 400 Å (Zahlenmittel) mit abnehmendem Polypropylenanteil auf ca. 100 Å ab. Mischkristalle, in denen sowohl PP- als auch PB-1-Ketten kristallisieren, werden nicht gefunden. Die Änderung der Nadeldicken mit der PP-Konzentration erklärt die an den gleichen Proben gemessene Schmelzpunktsdepression. Die Gitterstörungen nehmen mit abnehmendem PP-Anteil leicht zu. Sie sind im wesentlichen innerhalb einer lateralen Grenzschicht, deren Dicke nur wenig von der Nadeldicke abhängt, konzentriert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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