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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Macrophages ; Pseudo-Gaucher cells ; Chronic myeloid leukaemia ; Bone marrow transplantation ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A morphometric and immunohistochemical study was performed on 354 bone marrow trephine biopsies derived from 126 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) before and after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the macrophage population, including several subsets and their dynamics in the posttransplant period. In addition to the total CD68+ resident (mature) macrophages the so-called activated fraction identified by its capacity to express α-d-galactosyl residues, the pseudo-Gaucher cells (PGCs) and the iron-laden histiocytic reticular cells were also considered. Following immuno- and lectin-histochemical staining morphometric analysis was carried out on sequential postgraft bone marrow specimens at standardized intervals. Compared to the normal bone marrow and calculated per haematopoiesis (cellularity) an overall decrease of about 40–50% in the quantity of CD68+ macrophages and the BSA-I+ subpopulation was detectable in the early posttransplant period (9–45 days after BMT). Noteworthy was the temporal recurrence of PGCs in the engrafted bone marrow, which was not associated with a clonally transformed cell population or leukaemic relapse. Reappearance of postgraft PGCs was most prominent in the first 2 months after BMT. This conspicuous feature was presumed to be functionally associated with a pronounced degradation of cell debris following pretransplant myelo-ablative therapy (scavenger macrophages). Evidence for an activation of the BSA-I+ macrophage subset was derived from the identical carbohydrate-binding capacity shown by the PGCs. In the regenerating haematopoiesis shortly after BMT a significant correlation between the number of BSA-I+ macrophages and erythroid precursor cells was determinable. This result implicates a close functional relationship between postgraft reconstitution of erythropoietic islets and centrally localized activated macrophages. In conclusion, findings emerging from this study included the reappearance of PCGs in the engrafted bone marrow independently of a leukaemic relapse and the significant association of the activated BSA-I+ macrophage subset with the recovery of erythropoiesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chronic myeloproliferative disorders ; Thrombocytosis ; Primary Thrombocythaemia ; Granulo ; Erythrocytopoiesis ; Reticulin Fibers ; Circular Deviation ; Histomorphometry ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histomorphometric analysis was performed on trephine biopsies of the bone marrow in 55 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPDs) and marked thrombocytosis (platelet count exceeding 600 × 109/l). This study aimed at discriminating primary (essential) thrombocythaemia (PTH) from the various other subtypes of CMPDs presenting with thrombocytosis. Following the diagnostic requirements postulated by the Polycythemia-vera-Study-Group for PTH and polycythaemia vera rubra (P.vera) and the generally accepted criteria for the establishment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), our cohort of 55 patients was divided into the following subgroups: CML (16 cases), P.vera (11 cases), AMM (13 cases) and finally PTH (15 cases). Histomorphometric measurements revealed that PTH was distinguishable from the other subtypes of CMPDs with respect to several histological variables: patients with PTH had a normal amount of neutrophilic granulo- and erythrocytopoiesis as well as a non-increased content of reticulin (argyrophilic) fibers in contrast to the findings in CML, P.vera and of course AMM. Moreover, sizes of megakaryocytes and their nuclei were significantly greater in PTH and internalization of haematopoietic cells (emperipolesis) was more frequently encountered in comparison with the other subtypes of CMPDs. Deviation of the circular perimeter of megakaryocyte shape was most prominently expressed in CML and AMM, and consequently generated an increased number of a-nuclear cytoplasmic fragments. In contrast to this feature aberration of the nuclei from a circular outline occurred in a less pronounced way in CML, but was excessive in P.vera, AMM and PTH. Our morphometric evaluation demonstrates that certain histological features may serve as a valuable aid in discriminating PTH from the other occasionally thrombocythaemic subtypes of CMPDs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1988), S. 553-562 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Plasma cell infiltrates ; Bone marrow biopsies ; Malignant myeloma ; Reactive plasmacytosis ; Benign monoclonal gammopathy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Osteoclastic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 80 patients immunohistochemical, morphometrical and clinical studies were performed on routinely referred trephine biopsies of the bone marrow showing an abnormal increase in plasma cells. From the approximately determined density of plasma cell infiltrates two main groups were distinguished, the first with an involvement exceeding 20% and the second with less than 10% of the total marrow area involved. The first group (n=30; 324±130 plasma cells per square millimeter bone marrow) consisted of patients with frank malignant myeloma (MM) by clinical and histomorphological diagnosis. The second group (n=50; 132±54 plasma cells per square millimeter bone marrow) with plasmacytic differentiation of infiltrates, had to be further divided into one component with evidence for initial or residual MM following chemotherapy (n=27), another with obviously monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance - benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG,n=6), and a final set of cases with a reactive plasmacytosis mostly associated with an inflammatory condition (n=17). There was an excellent agreement between the intracellular immunoglobulin staining as defined by the immunoperoxidase technique and the serum or urinary M-component detected by immunoelectrophoresis. In MM significant correlations were found between osteoclastic activity (number of osteoclasts specifically stained by acid phosphatase) per trabecular bone area, presence of lytic bone defects and the density of plasma cell infiltrates in the marrow. This latter feature corresponded well with the titer of secreted serum M-components measured by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. Using morphological data alone, BMG cases could not be discriminated with any certainty from initial or residual plasmacytic MM. They consequently need a prolonged clinical follow up to clarify the nature of the lesions.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 16-23 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lymphknötchen ; Reaktive Infiltrate ; Maligne Lymphome ; Histotopographie ; Immunhistochemie ; Retikulinfasern ; Knochenmarkbiopsie ; Key words Lymphoid nodules ; Reactive infiltrates ; Malignant lymphomas ; Histotopography ; Immunohistochemistry ; Reticulin fibers ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Differentiation of focal or extended lymphoid bone marrow infiltrates presents a diagnostic challenge and therefore warrants systematic evaluation of those features which affect this. One of the basic requirements is an appropriate technique of processing the bone marrow specimens. This includes the possibility of enzyme evaluation (naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase) and immunohistochemistry (set of monoclonal antibodies) and comparison with the corresponding lymph node histology. A number of histological parameters have emerged with a distinctive property for distinguishing between reactive focal lymphoid aggregates and malignant lymphomas. Amongst these the pattern of infiltrates, i.e., histotopography (subcortical infiltrates, paratrabcular–endosteal localization, margination, tandem-like extension between adipocytes and cribriform appearance), content of reticulin fibers, cytology (small lymphocytes versus large blast cells) and, finally, immunohistochemistry (monoclonal versus polyclonal expression of cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, uniform versus mixed population of B or T lymphocytes) are most important. In conclusion, synoptic consideration of several parameters, in particular histotopography and immunohistochemistry provides a most promising approach to differentiate neoplastic from reactive lymphoid lesions in the bone marrow.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Differentialdiagnose herdförmiger oder ausgedehnter lymphoider Knochenmarkinfiltrate stellt noch immer eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar, die eine systematische Analyse entsprechender diskriminierender Faktoren erfordert. Eine der grundsätzlichen Voraussetzungen ist dabei eine Technik mit entsprechender Möglichkeit einer enzym- (Naphthol-AS-D-Chlorazetatesterase) und immunhistochemischen Aufarbeitung (monoklonale Antikörper) des Biopsiematerials und der Vergleich mit der zugeordneten Lymphknotenhistologie. Hinsichtlich der Unterscheidung zwischen reaktiven, herdförmigen lymphoiden Läsionen und malignen Lymphomen hat sich eine Anzahl histologischer Parameter als von wegleitendem diagnostischen Wert herausgestellt. Dazu gehören einmal das Infiltrationsmuster bzw. die Histotopographie (subkortikales Infiltrat, paratrabekulär-endostale Lokalisation, Abgrenzung, tandem-artige Ausbreitung zwischen den Adipozyten und kribriformes Muster), Faserdichte im Infiltrat sowie die Zytologie (kleine Lymphozyten gegenüber großen blastären Zellelementen) und schließlich die Immunhistochemie (mono-gegenüber polyklonaler Expression zytoplasmatischer Immunglobuline, uniforme gegenüber gemischtzelliger B- oder T-Lymphozytenpopulation). Zusammengefaßt verspricht eine gemeinsame Beachtung dieser verschiedenen Merkmale, insbesondere jedoch die Histotopographie und Immunhistochemie, am ehesten eine erfolgreiche Differenzierung zwischen reaktiven und neoplastischen lymphoiden Läsionen des Knochenmarks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 21 (2000), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Chronische myeloische Leukämie ; Megakaryozyten ; Fasern ; Erythropoese ; Makrophagen ; Klinische Befunde ; Immunhistochemie ; Knochenmarkbiopsie ; Key words Chronic myelogenous leukemia ; Megakaryocytes ; Fibers ; Erythroid precursors ; Macrophages ; Clinical findings ; Immunohistochemistry ; Morphometry ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An immunohistochemical and morphometric study was performed on bone marrow biopsies in 604 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to compare morphological and clinical features and to evaluate effects of interferon (IFN) and chemotherapy. Following morphometry significant correlations were calculated between number of CD61+ megakaryocytes, including their precursors with fiber density. This finding is in line with the close functional relationship between megakaryopoiesis and fibroblasts regarding the complex pathomechanism of myelofibrosis. The latter was observed in about 28% of patients already at diagnosis. In a similar way, the frequency of CD68+ macrophages was correlated with the amount of Ret40f+ nucleated erythroid precursors, implicating an involvement of this cell lineage in iron turnover, hemoglobin synthesis, and degradation of the expelled nuclei from normoblasts. The (α-D-galactosyl residue-expressing) Pseudo-Gaucher cells were detectable in 30% of pretreatment specimens. Moreover, significant associations were calculable between reduction in erythropoiesis or increase in fibers with clinical features such as hemoglobin level, percentages of myelo- and erythroblasts in the peripheral blood, and spleen size. These variables are in keeping with more advanced stages of CML. Based on our morphometric evaluations, a classification into three different histological subgroups: granulocytic, megakaryocytic, and myelofibrotic was carried out. This simplified staging system was correlated with corresponding sets of hematological data. Sequential biopsies in 173 patients with monotherapy by IFN, hydroxyurea (HU), or busulfan (BU) revealed a fibrogenic effect of IFN in contrast to a fiber-reducing property of HU. The dynamics of myelofibrosis and changes of major cell lineages during treatment were readily demonstrable by calculating corresponding indices. These included the ratios between quantitative differences of corresponding variables at repeated examinations and time. Thus, in patients with complete hematological remission following IFN administration, regeneration of erythropoiesis was found to be accompanied by an increase in the total number of CD68+ macrophages, including activated subpopulations. Histological subgroups showed a transition from a (nonfibrotic) granulocytic and megakaryocyte pattern to the myelofibrotic subtype in about 40% of patients. This change was opposed to a numerical reduction in the myelofibrotic subtype which occurred in 17 patients (36%), but predominantly in those under HU therapy. In conclusion, the striking heterogeneity of bone marrow features in CML warrants a careful morphological evaluation of trephine biopsies and appropriate means of processing to achieve relevant correlations with clinical data and, thus, allows a more elaborate insight into the dynamics of the disease process.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 604 Patienten mit einer chronischen myeloischen Leukämie (CML) wurde anhand von Beckenkammbiopsien eine immunhistochemische und morphometrische Studie durchgeführt, um morphologische und klinische Befunde miteinander zu vergleichen und die Auswirkungen der Interferon- (IFN) und Chemotherapie abzuklären. Anhand der morphometrischen Analyse konnten signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der Anzahl CD61+-Megakaryozyten einschließlich ihrer Vorläuferzellen mit der Faserdichte berechnet werden. Dieser Befund spiegelt die enge funktionelle Beziehung zwischen der Megakaryopoese und den Fibroblasten im Hinblick auf den komplexen Pathomechanismus der Myelofibroseentstehung wider. Diese war bei etwa 28% der Patienten bereits zum Diagnosezeitpunkt zu beobachten. In ähnlicher Weise war die Anzahl der CD68+-Makrophagen mit der Menge an Ret40f+-kernhaltigen erythropoetischen Vorläuferzellen korreliert, was durch die Einbindung dieser Zellinie in den Eisenstoffwechsel, die Hämoglobinsynthese sowie den Abbau der ausgestoßenen Normoblastenkerne in Zusammenhang gebracht werden kann. Die (α-D-Galaktosylreste-expremierende) Pseudo-Gaucherzellen ließen sich in 30% der Biopsien vor Behandlung nachweisen. Weiterhin konnten signifikante Beziehungen zwischen einer Reduktion der Erythropoese oder einer Zunahme der Verfaserung mit klinischen Parametern wie dem Hämoglobinspiegel, dem Anteil an Myelo- und Erythro-Normoblasten im peripheren Blut und der Milzgröße berechnet werden. Diese Variablen kennzeichnen offensichtlich mehr fortgeschrittene Stadien der CML. Entsprechend unserer morphometrischen Auswertung wurde eine Klassifikation in drei unterschiedliche histologische Subgruppen vorgenommen: granulozytisch, megakaryozytisch und myelofibrotisch. Dieser vereinfachten histologischen Einteilung waren entsprechende hämatologische Daten zuzuordnen. Sequenzbiopsien an 173 Patienten, die eine Monotherapie mit IFN, Hydroxyurea (HU) oder Busulfan (BU) erhielten, zeigten einen fibrogenetischen Effekt von IFN im Gegensatz zu einer eher faserreduzierenden Eigenschaft von HU. Die Dynamik der Myelofibroseentwicklung und die entsprechende Veränderungen der hauptsächlichen Zellinien während der Behandlung ließen sich am besten durch eine Kalkulation von Indizes verdeutlichen. Diese beinhalteten das Verhältnis aus quantitativen Unterschieden der einzelnen Variablen in den wiederholt durchgeführten Entnahmen und den zugeordneten zeitlichen Differenzen. So war bei Patienten mit einer kompletten hämatologischen Remission nach IFN-Gabe die Regeneration der Erythropoese zusammen mit einem Anstieg in der Anzahl CD68+-Makrophagen einschließlich ihrer aktivierten Subpopulation auszumachen. Die histologischen Subgruppen ließen bei fortlaufenden Untersuchungen einen Übergang sowohl von einem (nicht verfaserten) granulozytären wie auch megakaryozytären Subtyp in eine myelofibrotische Gruppe bei etwa 40% der Patienten erkennen. Dieses Phänomen stand im Gegensatz zu einer anzahlmäßigen Reduzierung des myelofibrotischen Typs vor allem bei Patienten unter HU-Therapie in 17 Fällen (36%). Zusammengefaßt erfordert die auffallende Heterogenität der Knochenmarkbefunde bei der CML eine sorgfältige morphologische Auswertung von Biopsien mit geeigneten Methoden, um relevante Korrelationen zwischen klinischen Daten zu berechnen und somit einen besseren Einblick in die Dynamik der Krankheitsentwicklung zu gewinnen.
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