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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 411 (1988), S. 322-327 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Tubuloglomerular feedback ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Acute volume expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Loss of sensitivity or “resetting” of tubuloglomerular feedback has been reported after both acute and chronic volume expansion in rats. In chronic volume expansion due to dietary salt loading, resetting was found to result from the appearance of an inhibitory factor in tubular fluid. The aim of the present study was to test the possibility that resetting after acute isooncotic volume expansion may also be due to such an inhibitor. Rats were acutely volume expanded (4.5% of body weight) by infusion of a solution of fresh plasma and Ringer's solution. Tubuloglomerular feedback activity was assessed in expanded and control animals by measuring early proximal flow (EPF) rate during perfusion of the loop of Henle at varying rates with proximal tubular fluid harvested from the control (control TF) and expanded animals (AVE TF). When loops of Henle in control animals were perfused with control TF at 10, 20 or 40 nl min−1, EPF fell from (mean ±SD) 29.8±5.6 at zero loop flow to 27.5±7.5, 21.1±4.2 and 15.5±4.5 nl min−1 gKW−1 respectively. Perfusion at the same rates with control TF in expanded animals reduced EPF from 39.5±9.6 (at zero loop flow) to 35.9±11.3, 31.6±4.3 and 22.9±6.8 nl min−1 gKW−1 respectively. When loops of Henle in control animals were perfused with AVE TF, EPF fell from 28.6±9.5 (zero loop flow) to 23.5±8.6, 19.9±8.2 and 15.6±6.5 nl min−1 gKW−1 respectively. Perfusion at these rates with AVE TF in the expanded animals depressed EPF from 36.7±7.8 (at zero loop flow) to 33.6±7.3, 28.6±7.6 and 22.7±8.0 nl min−1 gKW−1 respectively. Since the responses to the two perfusion fluids were the same in each group, it is concluded that there is no inhibitory factor present in AVE TF. Although EPF at each perfusion rate was significantly higher in the expanded animals than in control, the change in EPF per unit change in loop perfusion rate was the same in both groups from which it is concluded that no resetting of tubuloglomerular feedback occurred in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 2.4-diamino-6.7-dialkylpteridine ; Diuretics ; Micropuncture ; Tubular transport ; Rat kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretion of the diuretic substance DADMP (2.4-diamino-6.7-dimethylpteridine) and of DMP (6.7-dimethylpterin) was studied on single nephrons of the rat kidney using microperfusion and microinjection techniques. In the proximal tubule only DADMP was reabsorbed to a significant degree. Fractional reabsorption rate was independent of the load applied and the permeability constant was found to be 2.2·10−4 cm·s−1. Similar results were obtained in nephrons in which the substances, with inulin, were injected from middle proximal tubular puncture sites and recovered in the urine. DMP appeared in the urine quantitatively and simultaneously with the injected inulin. DADMP recovery, however, was only 20–30% of the injected load during the injection period and after 2 h some 70% was recovered from the urine of both kidneys. The reabsorbed fractions were independent of the loads applied, which varied between 2·10−13 mol·min−1 and 10−9 mol·min−1. A comparison of the microperfusion and the microinfusion data suggests that the reabsorption of DADMP occurs predominantly in the proximal convolution, and it appears that the differences between the renal handling of DMP and DADMP are explicable by their different lipid solubilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mass ; Ethnicities ; Hawaiian ; Filipino ; Japanese ; White
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Our study compares the bone mass of Hawaiian, Filipino, Japanese, and white women living in Oahu, Hawaii. Eligible women ranged in age from 25 to 34; all had bone mass measurements at the spine, calcaneus, and proximal and distal radius. Their average bone mineral density (BMD) remained stable with age at all four bone sites, indicating that the age range 25–34 may represent the peak bone mass. Bone mass varied, however, between ethnicities; differences in BMD up to 11% were observed. The Hawaiian women had the greatest BMD, and whites had the second greatest BMD at the spine and calcaneus. The Japanese most frequently had the lowest BMD. Differences in body size partly explained the differences; most ethnic differences were reduced or eliminated after adjusting for height and weight. At the spine, the ethnic differences for BMD were also apparent with BMC and with vertebral area. Hawaiian and white women had greater values than Japanese or Filipino women. Differences at the proximal radius resembled the spine, except that whites had the widest proximal widths. The results were more complex for the distal radius. At the distal radius whites had the lowest BMD of the four ethic groups. The difference between whites and Hawaiians derived from the greater bone mineral content (BMC) of the Hawaiian women. By contrast, the difference between whites and the Japanese and Filipinos derived from the wider distal widths of the white women. Compared with the Japanese and Filipino women, the white women appeared to disperse their BMC at the distal radius across a wider bone width. Such differences in bone distributions might lead to an altered risk of distal radius (wrist) fractures. Within ethnicities there was marked variation among individuals in bone mass. At the extremes, women differed by 50–100% or more within all four ethnic groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Autoregulation ; Tubuloglomerular feedback ; Renal blood flow ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Plasma renin activity ; Deoxycorticosterone acetate ; Plasma volume ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) function and autoregulation (renal blood flow RBF; glomerular filtration rate, GFR; single-nephron glomerular filtration rate, SNGFR) were examined in rats chronically treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and given isotonic saline to drink. DOCA treatment depressed arterial plasma renin activity, expanded plasma volume by 25% and increased arterial blood pressure. Autoregulation of RBF and GFR was maintained in the DOCA animals above 90 mm Hg and 110 mm Hg respectively, whereby both GFR and RBF were lower than in controls. Micropuncture experiments demonstrated the absence of TGF in the DOCA animals. There was no difference between SNGFR values measured in the distal and proximal tubules, nor was there a significant response of SNGFR when loops of Henle were perfused with Ringer's solution at 20 nl/min. Loop perfusion in control rats with tubular fluid collected in DOCA rats elicited a normal TGF response, showing that TGF inhibition in the DOCA animals is due to changes in the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In contrast to control rats, proximal SNGFR was perfectly autoregulated. These results suggest that TGF is not primarily responsible for autoregulation and that the vasodilatation normally resulting from acute TGF interruption is therefore compensated by some other mechanism such that RBF and GFR are lower than in controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1245-1248 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Chronic salt loading ; Volume expansion ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Tubuloglomerular feedback ; Humoral substances in tubular fluid ; Chronische Salzbelastung ; Volumenexpansion ; Glomeruläre Filtrationsrate ; Tubuloglomeruläre Rückkoppelung ; Humorale Substanzen in tubulärer Flüssigkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei normalem Extrazellulärvolumen reduziert der Harnfluß durch das macula densa Segment der Henle'schen Schleife die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate durch ein Signal aus dem juxtaglomerulären Apparat (tubuloglomerulärer Rückkopplungsmechanismus, TGF). Bei Vergrößerung des Extrazellulärvolumens wird dieser Mechanismus gehemmt, so daß die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate ansteigt. Um festzustellen, ob diese Hemmung durch Veränderungen im juxtaglomerulären Apparat oder in der Tubulusflüssigkeit verursacht wird, wurden an zwei Gruppen von Ratten, deren Extrazellulärvolumen entweder normal war oder durch kochsalzreiche Ernährung expandiert wurde, Austauschversuche mit spätproximaler Tubulusflüssigkeit durchgeführt. Die Tubulusflüssigkeit wurde mit Mikrosaug/Perfusionspumpen gesammelt. Ihre Wirkung auf den TGF wurde geschätzt, indem Henle'sche Schleifen einzelner Tubuli mit 40, 10, und 0 nl/min perfundiert wurden, während gleichzeitig der Harnfluß (EPF) in einem glomerulusnahen Segment des jeweiligen proximalen Tubulus gemessen wurde. Insalzreich ernährten Tieren war die EPF von der Schleifenperfusionsrate unabhängig, wenn die Henle'schen Schleifen mithomologer Tubulusflüssigkeit perfundiert wurden. Mit Tubulusflüssigkeit aussalzarm ernährten Tieren und einer Schleifenperfusionsrate von 40 nl/min fiel die EPF jedoch um etwa 50% gegenüber dem Kontrollwert bei nichtperfundierter Schleife ab. Insalzarm ernährten Tieren, deren Henle'sche Schleifen mithomologer Tubulusflüssigkeit und einer Rate von 40 nl/min perfundiert wurden, fiel die EPF um etwa 50% gegenüber dem Kontrollwert bei nicht perfundierter Schleife ab. Mit Tubulusflüssigkeit aussalzreich ernährten Tieren war die EPF von der Schleifenperfusionsrate unabhängig. Es wird gefolgert, daß der TGF in volumenexpandierten Tieren durch eine Substanz in der Tubulusflüssigkeit gehemmt wird.
    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out in Wistar rats to determine whether the loss of sensitivity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (TGF) which is known to occur in volume expansion is due to a change in the functional characteristics of the juxtaglomerular apparatus or to a change in some property of the tubular fluid which influences the feedback signal at the macula densa. Proximal tubular fluid was collected by means of a microperfusion/suction pump from Wistar rats maintained for a minimum of 10 days on a high salt diet and also from rats fed a control low salt diet. Both fluids were then used to perfuse loops of Henle in rats from both groups and the feedback response assessed from the change in early proximal tubular flow rate (EPF). In high salt rats, perfusion of the loop of Henle with homologous tubular fluid confirmed the loss of sensitivity of the TGF mechanism in volume expansion, the response of EPF was practically absent. In contrast, the low salt rat responded with a 50% decrease in EPF to loop perfusion at 40 nl/min with its homologous fluid. On the other hand, when the loop of Henle in high salt rats was perfused at 40 nl/min with heterologous (low salt) tubular fluid, EPF again decreased by some 50% whereas EPF in low salt rats failed to respond to loop perfusion with high salt fluid. From these results it is concluded that in rats chronically volume expanded by a high salt diet an unknown inhibitory principle occurs in the proximal tubular fluid which reduces the sensitivity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Renal function ; Micropuncture ; Blood gases ; Anaesthesia ; Thiopentone ; Thiobutabarbitone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thiobutabarbitone(TB, Inactin)-anaesthetised rat is an extremely widely used preparation for the study of renal function at the whole-organ and nephron levels. The recent withdrawal of TB from the market has made it essential to find an anaesthetic producing experimental conditions as similar as possible to TB to allow comparison of past and future data. Blood gas analysis, clearance and micropuncture studies were therefore performed in rats anaesthetised with TB or the related thiobarbiturate thiopentone (TP) (both 100 mg/ kg body weight) to establish whether the latter meets this requirement. Both barbiturates caused similar transient respiratory depression and acidosis. Mean values (TP versus TB) over the total 8-h observation period for glomerular filtration rate (0.94 versus 1.05 ml/min), urine flow (3.8 versus 4.4 μl/min) and K+ excretion (0.98 versus 1.18 μmol/min) were slightly lower (P〈0.05) in TP rats, whereas renal blood flow (6.26 versus 6.24 ml/min), filtration fraction (0.31 versus 0.34) and Na+ excretion (0.11 versus 0.098 μmol/min) did not differ. The single-nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) (42.1 versus 41.1 nl/min) and fractional reabsorption (42% versus 47%), both measured in the proximal tubule, did not differ, although in the TP group SNGFR rose with time (4.4%/h) whereas the fractional reabsorption did not change significantly; in the TB group SNGFR was constant but fractional reabsorption declined with time (1.5%/h). Fractional reabsorption up to the distal convoluted tubule declined with time, this was more pronounced in the TP group. SNGFR measured at this site did not differ between TP and TB (30.3 versus 30.1 nl/min) but increased with time with TP (2.7%/h). Although renal function under TP is somewhat less stable than under TB, the differences are minor and, given that the latter is also characterised by non-steady-state conditions, it is concluded that TP is a reasonable replacement for TB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 4 (1994), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone mass ; Bone density ; Fracture incidence ; Fracture prevalence ; Longitudinal studies ; Risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A prospective cohort study of 1098 postmenopausal Japanese-American women evaluated the relationship between baseline non-spine fractures and new (incident) spine fractures. At the baseline examination in 1981, prevalent non-spine fractures were ascertained by interview, and prevalent spine fractures by radiograph. Bone mass measurements of the distal radius, proximal radius, calcaneus (1981), the lumbar spine (1984) were obtained and repeated at 1- to 2-year intervals. Women with existing non-spine fractures have a threefold greater risk of subsequent spine fractures, independent of bone mass, and independent of the known association between prevalent spine fractures and subsequent spine fractures. Women with both a prevalent non-spine fracture and low bone mass (50th percentile or lower) have an eightfold greater risk of new spine fractures compared with women above the 50th percentile of bone mass and no prevalent fractures. In addition to low bone mass, both prevalent spine fractures and prevalent non-spine fractures are strong risk factors for subsequent spine fracture. These data suggest that not all osteoporotic risk factors are expressed via bone mass, and that other, unmeasured risk factors, such as bone quality defects, may explain these results. In clinical terms, women with both prevalent fractures and low bone mass should be recognized as being at extremely high risk, and treatment potency should be commensurate with this level of risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 5 (1995), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Anthropometry ; Bone mass ; Height ; Osteoporosis ; Weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the magnitude of regional variations in bone mass among elderly, Japanese-American men and women. All subjects had bone measurements at the calcaneus, and at the distal and proximal radius sites. A subset of the women had, in addition, spine bone mass measurements. To provide a common measurement scale, the bone measurements were converted to age- and sex-specificZ-scores. TheZ-scores between pairs of bone sites were then subtracted to yield the differences in bone mass between bone sites (expressed inZ-score units). For most individuals the differences were less than 1.0Z-score; however, 12%–20% of the differences were at least 1Z-score apart. The most similar sites were the distal and proximal radius: different regions within the same bone. Among the other bone pairs, the calcaneus and spine were the most similar to one another. The magnitudes of the differences in bone mass were associated with height and weight. Heavier subjects, for instance, had greater calcaneus than radius bone mass measurements, and greater spine than radius measurements. The spine and calcaneus are more weight-bearing than the radius sites. Associations were observed up to 0.25Z-score per 10 kg difference in weight. Height was associated with bone mass differences in an opposite direction to weight. Taller subjects had greater bone mass at the radius sites than expected from their calcaneus or spine bone measurements (0.1 to 0.2Z-score difference per 5 cm difference in height). Bone width partly explained the associations with height; that is, adjusting the radius widths reduced the associations with height. Overall, our results indicate that small to moderate differences between bone sites were common among our study population, and that the magnitudes of the differences were associated with height and weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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