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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Spinal cord trauma ; Edema ; Myelin basic protein ; Indomethacin ; Prostaglandins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that prostaglandins participate in the formation of perifocal edema and cell changes following a localized trauma to the spinal cord was investigated in a rat model. A laminectomy was performed in urethane-anesthetized animals at the thoracic T10–11 segment. Using a scalpel blade a unilateral lesion, about 2 mm deep and 5 mm long was made 1 mm to the right of the midline. The deepest part of the injury occupied Rexed's lamina VII of the dorsal horn. Animals were pretreated with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p. 30 min prior to trauma). Five hours after the injury the water content was determined and cell changes in and around the primary lesion were examined by light and electron microscopy. Normal and injured rats without indomethacin pretreatment served as controls. Untreated injured rats showed a profound increase of water content in the traumatized T10–11, the rostral (T9) and caudal (T12) segments compared with normal rats. These segments also exhibited marked cell changes in ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal and ventral horns. The gray matter had a spongy appearance and some nerve cells were condensed and distorted. The white matter contained many distorted fibers. Immunostaining for myelin basic protein showed a marked reduction of reaction product in the injured animals compared with normal rats. Ultrastructurally widened extracellular spaces, cytoplasmic vacuolation, swollen and condensed neurons, swollen astrocytes and vesiculation of myelin were frequent findings. Pretreatment of rats with indomethacin significantly reduced the accumulation of water in the traumatized and in the rostral and caudal segments. The structural changes were less pronounced particularly in the cranial and caudal segments. The results indicate that prostaglandins somehow are involved in the pathophysiology of perifocal spinal cord injury and influence both the fluid microenvironment and the early cell changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Trauma ; Spinal cord injury ; Edema ; Serotonin ; p-CPA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that serotonin can modify the early pathological sequences occurring in spinal cord trauma was investigated in a rat model. To that end we took advantage of the possibility of influencing serotonin pharmacologically by treating animals with a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) before the production of the injury and compared the results with injured, untreated controls. A unilateral incision was made into the dorsal horn of the lower thoracic cord (about 2.5 mm deep, 4.5 mm long) and the trauma. The injured region from untreated animals showed macroscopically at that time a pronounced swelling and the water content had increased by 3.5% as compared to intact controls. The segments rostral and caudal to the lesion also exhibited a profound increase in water content. Light microscopy revealed a significant expansion of the spinal cord as compared to controls. The swelling was most pronounced in the gray matter on the injured side. Electron microscopy showed distorted neurons, swollen astrocytes and extracellular edema in the gray matter in and around the primary lesion. There was also a sponginess in the surrounding white matter with disruption of myelin, collapsed axons and widened periaxonal spaces. Pretreatment of the rats with p-CPA significantly reduced the swelling of the injured spinal cord and there was no visible expansion. The ipsilateral edema in the central gray matter was considerable less pronounced as compared to that in untreated animals. The increase in water content was less than 1% in these animals. The neuronal and glial cell changes were also markedly reduced in the drugtreated rats. The disruption of myelin and the vacuolation of the gray matter were much less severe. Our results show that p-CPA can markedly modify the edema and the cellular changes occurring in the traumatic spinal injury and indicate that serotonin is somehow involved in the production of the early, and thus important, pathological events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Spinal cord evoked potentials ; Edema ; Cell changes ; p-CPA ; Diazepam ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that nitric oxide is somehow involved in the early bioelectrical disturbances following spinal cord injury in relation to the later pathophysiology of the spinal cord was examined in a rat model of spinal cord trauma. A focal trauma to the rat spinal cord was produced by an incision of the right dorsal horn of the T 10–11 segments under urethane anaesthesia. The spinal cord evoked potentials (SCEP) were recorded using epidural electrodes placed over the T9 and T12 segments of the cord following supramaximal stimulation of the right tibial and sural nerves in the hind leg. Trauma to the spinal cord significantly attenuated the SCEP amplitude (about 60%) immediately after injury which persisted up to 1h. However, a significant increase in SCEP latency was seen at the end of 5h after trauma. These spinal cord segments exhibited profound upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, and the development of edema and cell injury. Pretreatment with a serotonin synthesis inhibitor drug p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) or an anxiolytic drug diazepam significantly attenuated the decrease in SCEP amplitude, upregulation of NOS, edema and cell injury. On the other hand, no significant reduction in SCEP amplitude, NOS immunolabelling, edema or cell changes were seen after injury in rats pretreated with L-NAME. These observations suggest that nitric oxide is somehow involved in the early disturbances of SCEP and contribute to the later pathophysiology of spinal cord injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Brain derived neurotrophic factor ; Insulin like growth factor-1 ; Nitric oxide ; Spinal cord injury ; Edema ; Cell injury ; Blood-spinal cord barrier ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF) induced neuroprotectivn is influenced by mechanisms involving nitric oxide was examined in a rat model of focal spinal cord injury. BDNF or IGF-I (0.1 μg/10 [1 in phosphate buffer saline) was applied topically 30 min before injury on the exposed spinal cord followed by repeated doses of growth factors immediately before and 30 min after injury. Thereafter application of BDNF or IGF was carried out at every 1 h interval until sacrifice. Five hours after injury, the tissue pieces from the T9 segment were processed for nNOS immunostaining, edema and cell injury. Untreated injured rats showed a profound upregulation of nNOS which was most pronounced in the nerve cells of the ipsilateral side. A marked increase in the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability to125I-albumin, water content and cell injury in these perifocal segments was also found. Pretreatment with BDNF and IGF significantly reduced the upregulation of nNOS in the spinal cord. This effect of the growth factors was most pronounced in the contralateral side. Rats treated with these neurotrophic factors showed much less signs of BSCB damage, edema and cell injury. These results suggest that BDNF and IGF pretreatment is neuroprotective in spinal cord injury and that these neurotrophic factors have the capacity to down regulate nNOS expression following trauma to the spinal cord. Our data provide new experimental evidences which suggest that BDNF and IGF may exert their potential neuroprotective effects probably via regulation of NOS activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Hyperthermia ; Heat stress ; Heat shock protein (HSP 72 kD) ; Edema ; Cell injury ; Antioxidants ; EGB-761-BN 52021
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Influence of the extract of Gingko biloba (EGB-761) and one of its constituent Gingkolide B (BN-52021) on hyperthermia induced cellular damage and heat shock protein (HSP 72 kD) response was examined in a rat model. Rats subjected to 4 h heat stress at 38°C in a biological oxygen demand (BOD) incubator (relative humidity 50–55%, wind velocity 20–25 cm/sec) resulted in profound edema and cell injury in many parts of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus and brain stem. Immunostaining of HSP 72 kD showed marked upregulation in the damaged and distorted neurons located within the edematous area. Pretreatment with EGB-761 (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and BN-520 21 (2 mg/kg, p.o.) per day for 5 days significantly reduced HSP expression and attenuated cell damage. Our results show that EGB-761 and its component Gingkolide B (BN-52021) has the capacity to reduce edema and cell injury following hyperthermia and this effect of the compound is somehow associated with a reduction in cellular stress response as evidenced with a reduction in HSP expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sorghum ; sorghum bicolor ; head bug ; Calocoris angustatus ; Mirid ; insect density ; plant resistance ; food availability ; seasonal effects ; genotypic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were undertaken on interactions between panicle size, insect density, host plant, and the environment for sorghum head bug,Calocoris angustatus Lethiery on five sorghum genotypes in terms of bug population increase, grain damage and loss in grain mass across four panicle sizes (5, 10 or 20 branches/panicle and whole panicle), and three infestation levels (5, 10 and 15 pairs of bugs/panicle). Head bug numbers increased and grain damage decreased with an increase in panicle size in the head bug susceptible cultivars, CSH 1 and CSH 5. However, the increase in bug numbers or decrease in grain damage was not significant in head bug resistant genotypes, IS 17610 and IS 17645. Head bug numbers increased with an increase in infestation level in CSH 1 and CSH 5, however, such an increase was not substantial in IS 17610 and IS 17645. Grain damage was significantly lower in IS 17610 and IS 17645 compared with CSH 1 and CSH 5 across infestation levels. Head bug population increased at a greater rate during the rainy season compared with the dry season. Panicle size and infestation levels accounted for greater variation in grain damage and percentage loss in grain mass during the rainy season than in the dry season. To identify reliable sources of resistance to insects, it is important to study insect host plant-interactions across panicle sizes (levels of food availability), infestation levels and seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Head bug ; Calocoris angustatus ; sorghum ; resistance mechanisms ; preference ; antibiosis ; consumption and utilization of food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mécanismes de la résistance du sorgho à la punaise C. angustatus ont été examinés au champ et au laboratoire. Les préférences des adultes ont été examinées avec choix multiples au champ et au laboratoire sur les 5 cultivars relativement moins sensibles (IS 2761, IS 9692, IS 17610, IS 17618, IS 17645) comparés aux hybrides commerciaux très sensibles (CSH 1, CSH 5, CSH 9). Les différences ont été confirmées avec des choix binaires au laboratoire. L'absence de préférence pour un cultivar est une des composantes de la résistance du sorgho à la punaise. Mais l'absence de préférence n'est cependant pas prouvée en cage au champ au par des expériences en olfactomètre sans choix au laboratoire. La ponte a été étudié sur 8 ‘génotypes’ pendant la saison des pluies de 1983 et sur 6 génotypes pendant la saison des pluies et après celle-ci en 1983–84. Les résultats montrent que la réduction de la ponte est une composante importante de la résistance sur IS 17645, IS 17610 et IS 17618. Pour définir le niveau d'antibiose, l'étude du cycle a été menée au laboratoire sur 5 cultivars relativement peu sensibles (IS 2761, IS 9692, IS 17610, IS 176618, IS 17645) et 3 sensibles (CSH 1, CSH 5, CSH 9). Le développement post-embryonnaire est prolongé d'un jour au deux quand les larves sont élevées sur grains laiteux de IS 17610 ou IS 17645. Les larves de 5e stade et les adultes ont des poids plus faibles sur IS 17610 et IS 9692. Les indices de consommation et d'utilisation des aliments ont été calculés pour IS 2761, IS 6984, CSH 5 et Swarna; l'utilisation de grains de IS 2761 et IS 69884, comparée aux grains des cultivars CSH 5 et Swarna, est relativement moins efficace. C1 et GR sont plus faibles sur grains d'IS 2761 de 20 jours que de 12 jours.
    Notes: Abstract Cultivar preference/nonpreference for feeding is one of the components of resistance to the sorghum head bug, Calocoris angustatus Lethiery (Hemiptera: Miridae). IS 2761, IS 9692, IS 17610, IS 17618 and IS 17645 were not preferred by the adults of c. angustatus under multi- or two-choice conditions. However, cultivar preference was not evident under no-choice tests or headcage conditions. Reduced oviposition is an important component of resistance to head bugs in IS 17645, IS 17610 and IS 17618. Post-embryonic development was extended by 1–2 days when nymphs were fed on these genotypes. Fifth instar nymphs and adults had lower weights when reared on IS 17610 and IS 9692. Nymphal survival was relatively lower on IS 9692, IS 17610 and IS 17645. Fourth instar nymphs were relatively less efficient in food utilization when fed on grain of IS 2761 and IS 6984 as compared with the susceptible cultivars CSH 5 and Swarna. Stage of grain development influenced the indices of consumption and utilization of food by head bugs. Consumption index (CI) and growth rate was lower on 20-day-old grain of IS 2761 as compared with 12-day-old grain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Calocoris angustatus ; host-plant ; resistance ; fecundity ; grain damage ; sorghum ; sorghum head bug ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sorghum head bug (Calocoris angustatus Leth.) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important pest of grain sorghum in India. We studied the fecundity of head bug females reared for one to three generations on head bug-resistant and head bug-susceptible genotypes during the 1988 and 1989 rainy and 1988–89 post-rainy seasons. Head bug population increase was lower for the first, second and/or third generation when the bugs were reared on IS 2761, IS 19955, IS 14334, IS 23748, IS 16357, IS 17610, and IS 21444 compared with the susceptible controls CSH 1, CSH 5, and CSH 9. These genotypes also suffered a low grain damage (damage rating (DR) ≤5) (except IS 2761) compared with the susceptible controls (DR〉6). A marginal decrease in fecundity was observed when the bugs were reared on IS 2761, IS 14334, IS 16357, IS 20740 and IS 17610 and then transferred to the susceptible control, CSH 1. Sorghum genotypes having lower increase in bug population across generations, suffering low grain damage, and showing adverse effects on fecundity can be used in breeding for resistance to head bugs.
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