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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hypothalamic somatostatinergic pathways mediate feeding behavior in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 161-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; somatostatin ; anorexia ; food intake ; starvation ; cysteamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The level of somatostatin in the hypothalamus was higher in satiated rats than in hungry rats. Elevating hypothalamic somatostatin levels by administering somatostatin into the hypothalamus produced a decrease in food intake, whereas lowering hypothalamic somatostatin levels by administering cysteamine into the peritoneal cavity produced an increase in food intake in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954859
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depletion of hypothalamic norepinephrine reduces the fever induced by polyriboinosinic acid: polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:Poly C) in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 720-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; norepinephrine ; fever ; pyrogen ; polyriboinosinic acid ; polyribocytidylic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of either Poly I:Poly C (0.05–0.50 μg) or norepinephrine (2–8 μg) into the anterior hypothalamic area produced a dose-related fever in rats. The fever induced by Poly I:Poly C was attenuated after selective depletion of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus. However, selective depletion of hypothalamic norepinephrine did not affect the fever induced by intrahypothalamic norepinephrine. The data indicate that Poly I:Poly C may act to induce fever through the endogenous release of norepinephrine from the rat's hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974567
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin: a hypothalamic transmitter for thermoregulation in rats (1989)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 413 (1989), S. 528-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Thermoregulation ; Hypothalamus ; Somatostatin ; Metabolism ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilation ; Cysteamine ; Brain ; Ambient temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The changes in both the thermoregulatory responses and brain somatostatin (SS) levels produced by ambient temperature (T a) changes were assessed in rats after they had been equilibrated to each of theT a for a period of about 90 min. Cold exposure, in addition to elevating hypothalamic SS-levels, led to increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction atT a=8° C. In contrast, heat exposure, in addition to lowering hypothalamic SS-levels, resulted in decreased metabolism and cutaneous vasodilation atT a=30° C. Rats were chronically implanted with a hypothalamic cannula to allow intrahypothalamic injection of SS on the conscious rats. Direct administration of SS (0.1–0.3 μg) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area caused a dose-related rise in colon temperature at threeT a tested. The SS-induced hyperthermia was produced by increased metabolism atT a=8° C, whereas atT a=30° C, it was caused by cutaneous vasoconstriction. AtT a=22° C, the hyperthermia was caused by increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction. Systemic administration of cysteamine, in addition to lowering hypothalamic SS-levels, produced a dose-related fall in colon temperature atT a of 8°C and 22°C. The hypothermia induced by cysteamine was produced by decreased metabolism atT a=8° C, whereas atT a=22° C, it was caused by both decreased metabolism and cutaneous vasodilation. The data indicate that the hypothalamic SS-levels mediate normal body temperature responses in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00594185
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve cells in dorsal and median raphe nuclei elevates blood glucose in rats (1991)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 417 (1991), S. 441-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Glucoregulation ; Serotonin ; Hypothalamus ; Electrical stimulation ; Raphe nucleus ; Kainic acid ; 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine ; l-Glutamate ; Voltammetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role played by dorsal or median raphe nuclei in glucoregulation was investigated by stimulating these nuclei in normal rats and in rats with chemical ablation of the hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve cells in these nuclei. Electrical stimulation of either dorsal or median raphe nuclei increased blood glucose or the in vivo voltammetric signal of hypothalamic 5-OH-indole in normal rats; the increase in blood glucose level or the hypothalamic 5-OH-indole release was proportional to the intensity of stimulation. Microinjection of kainic acid or l-glutamate at the same sites also produced hyperglycemia or stimulated the hypothalamic 5-OH-indole release. This stimulation-induced hyperglycemia was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with spinal transection or adrenalectomy. In addition, selective destruction of the hypothalamic 5-HT nerve fibers, produced by administration of 5,7-di-hydroxytryptamine (a 5-HT nerve depletor) into both dorsal and median raphe regions, reduced the magnitude of the hyperglycemic responses to electrical stimulation of either dorsal or median raphe nuclei. The data indicate that stimulation of ascending 5-HT pathways in the rat's brain increases the adrenal-sympathetic efferent activity and leads to hyperglycemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370937
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on thermoregulatory responses and hypothalamic neuronal activity in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 328 (1985), S. 363-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cholecystokinin ; Thermoregulation ; Hypothalamus ; Neuronal activity ; Metabolism ; Vasodilation ; Hypothermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Rats were chronically implanted with a hypothalamic cannula to allow chemical stimulation of the hypothalamus on the conscious animals in repeated experiments. Direct administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (20–60 ng) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area caused a dose-related fall in rectal temperature at ambient temperatures of 8° C and 22° C. 2. The hypothermia induced by CCK-8 was produced by a decrease in metabolism at an ambient temperature of 8° C, whereas at 22° C, it was caused by both a decrease in metabolism and an increase in cutaneous temperature. 3. However, at an ambient temperature of 30° C, intrahypothalamic administration of CCK-8 caused an insignificant change in thermoregulatory responses. Furthermore, neither intrahypothalamic injection of 0.9% saline nor intraperitoneal injection of CCK-8 (60 ng) had any effect on thermoregulatory responses at the ambient temperatures of 8°–30° C studied. 4. Under urethane anaesthesia, 59 single neurons in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area were examined in 29 rats. Each animal was subjected to scrotal warming or cooling and to the administration of CCK-8. Microiontophoretic application of CCK-8 resulted in inhibition of the majority (75%) of cold-responsive neurons as well as excitation of the majority (77.8%) of warm-responsive neurons recorded in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area. However, the majority (69%) of thermally unresponsive cells were not affected by CCK-8 application. 5. The data indicate that CCK-8, when administered intrahypothalamically, excites warm-responsive neurons and inhibits cold-responsive neurons within the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area to induce hypothermia by promoting an increase in heat loss and a decrease in heat production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692901
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonergic mechanisms in the hypothalamus mediate thermoregulatory responses in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 322 (1983), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Hypothalamus ; Thermoregulation ; Raphe nucleus ; Hypothermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Either electrical stimulation of midbrain raphe nuclei or administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus caused hypothermia in conscious rats at ambient temperatures (T a) of both 8° C and 22°C. The hypothermia was due to decreased metabolic heat production at T a=8°C, while at T a=22°C the hypothermia was due to both decreased metabolism and increased heat loss (cutaneous vasodilatation). However, at T a=30°C, electrical stimulation of midbrain raphe or intrahypothalamic injection of 5-HT caused an insignificant change in the thermoregulatory responses. There was no changes in respiratory evaporative heat loss in response to these treatments at various T a's. 2. Direct administration of the serotonergic receptor antagonists such as cyproheptadine and methysergide into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus caused hyperthermia in conscious rats at T a's of 8°C, 22°C and 30°C. The hyperthermia was due to increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction. 3. The hypothermia induced by intrahypothalamic administration of 5-HT was antagonized by pretreatment with an intrahypothalamic dose of either cyproheptadine or methysergide in rats at T a=22°C. 4. Inhibition of 5-HT neuronal activity with administration of 5-HT into the midbrain raphe regions also caused hyperthermia, increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction in rats at T a's of 8°C, 22°C and 30°C. 5. These observations tend to suggest that the functional activity of serotonergic receptors in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus mediates thermoregulatory responses in the rat. Activation of serotonergic receptors in the hypothalamus decreases heat production and/or increases heat loss, while inhibition of serotonergic receptors in the hypothalamus increases heat production and/or decreases heat loss in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00508342
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyrogenicity of polyadenylic · polyuridylic acid in rabbits (1991)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 343 (1991), S. 551-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Polynucleotides ; Pyrogen ; Interferon ; Prostaglandins ; Hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyadenylic polyuridylic acid injected intraveneously into rabbits produced a rapid-onset, monophasic fever. Pyrogenic tolerance occurred in rabbits following daily injections of polyadenylic polyuridylic acid. However, direct injection of the agent into the preoptic anterior hypothalamic region of rabbit's brain produced a markedly different fever. After an intrahypothalamic injection of polyadenylic - polyuridylic acid, fever was delayed in onset and persisted for a longer period. At room temperature, the fever was due to both increased metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction. In a colder atmosphere the fever was due solely to increased metabolism, whereas in the heat the fever was due to reduction in cutaneous blood flow and respiratory evaporative heat loss. In addition, the fever induced by intravenous polyadenylic · polyuridylic acid injection was reversed by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, but not by a protein synthesis inhibitor. Polyadenylic - polyuridylic acid was shown to stimulate PGE2 production from rabbit's hypothalamus in vitro. The results reveal that this agent is a prostaglandin-dependent pyrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169561
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypothalamic somatostatin may mediate endotoxin-induced fever in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 339 (1989), S. 608-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Endotoxin ; Fever ; Hypothalamus ; Cysteamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) The changes in rectal temperature produced by an injection of a bacterial endotoxin piromen (10–40 ng in 1.0 μl) or somatostatin-14 (SS-14; 0.1–0.3 pg in 1.0 μl) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area were assessed and compared in control rats, in rats with hypothalamic SS depletion, and in rats with hypothalamic SS receptor blockade. (2) Intrahypothalamic injection of either piromen or SS-14 produced a dose-related rise in rectal temperature in intact, control rats. The fever induced by intrahypothalamic injection of piromen or SS-14, as well as that induced by intraperitoneal injection of piromen, was antagonized by pretreatment of the hypothalamus with a SS-14 receptor antagonist (0.1 ng in 1.0 μl) in rats. (3) On the other hand, intraperitoneal administration of cysteamine (30–100 mg/kg), in addition to producing a dose-related fall in rectal temperature, also caused a dose-related fall in hypothalamic SS-levels in rats. Furthermore, the fever induced by intrahypothalamic injection of piromen, but not SS-14, was antagonized by depletion of hypothalamic SS levels with an intraperitoneal dose of cysteamine (30 mg/kg). (4) The results indicate that a somatostatinergic pathway in the hypothalamus may mediate endotoxin-induced fever in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00168651
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hypothalamic noradrenaline depletion with 6-hydroxydopamine on the body temperature regulation of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 325 (1984), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; Hypothalamus ; Dopamine ; Thermoregulation ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Hyperthermia ; Metabolism-vasoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Rats which had been pretreated with 3 intrahypothalamic doses of 10 μg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to cause a selective depletion of hypothalamic noradrenaline to 26.7% of control hypothalamic noradrenaline maintained rectal temperature within the normal limits displayed by the control group. However, noradrenalinedepleted rats displayed a decrease in both cutaneous temperature and metabolic heat production in the cold (8°C). 2. Intrahypothalamic injections of 6-OHDA in normal rats at room temperature (22°C) caused an acute hyperthermia of up to 1.1°C which lasted for about 6 h. The acute hyperthermia in response to 6-OHDA was due to both cutaneous vasoconstriction and increased metabolism in the rat. Selective depletion of hypothalamic noradrenaline without affecting hypothalamic dopamine by prior treatment with 6-OHDA markedly reduced the hyperthermic responses to a subsequent dose of 6-OHDA. Therefore, the acute hyperthermic responses to 6-OHDA may be related to a release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus. 3. The data indicate that activation of noradrenergic pathways in the hypothalamus facilities heat production and inhibits heat loss mechanisms in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506192
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clonidine-induced hypothermia: Possible involvement of cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms (1984)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 326 (1984), S. 124-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Clonidine ; Hypothalamus ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Acetylcholine ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The thermoregulatory effects (including metabolic, vasomotor and respiratory activities) produced by an injection of clonidine (1–3 μg in 0.5 μl) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus were assessed in conscious rats at ambient temperatures (T a) of 8, 22 and 30°C. 2. Intrahypothalamic administration of clonidine caused a dose-dependent fall in rectal temperature at T a 8°C and 22°C. The hypothermia in response to clonidine was due to decreased metabolic heat production and/or cutaneous vasodilation. There was no change in respiratory evaporative heat loss. 3. The clonidine-induced hypothermic response was attenuated by pretreatment of the rats with either 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (10 μg, administered intrahypothalamicly, 14 days before clonidine injection), yohimbine (0.2 μg, administered intrahypothalamicly, 10 min before clonidine injection), cyproheptadine (1 μg, administered intrahypothalamicly, 10 min before clonidine injection), or atropine (0.1 μg, administered intrahypothalamicly, 10 min before clonidine injection). 4. The data indicate that clonidine may act on α-adrenoceptors located on a serotonin-acetylcholine pathway within the preoptic anterior hypothalamus to induce hypothermia by promoting a reduction in metabolic heat production and/or an enhancement in dry heat loss in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517308
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