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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2064-2089 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanism of the 1,2-Vinyl Shift during the Rearrangement of 3-Butenyl Grignard Reagents: Arguments against a Radical Course of the ReactionThe rearrangement of the 3-butenyl Grignard reagents 4⇄6 has been investigated kinetically at 100 and 120°C by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Alkyl substituents in the 4-position to the magnesium show the expected effect for a carbanion mechanism. The equilibration of the α- and β-positions is accompanied by cis-trans-isomerization showing that the cyclopropylmethyl species 5 is a true intermediate. A radical dissoziation recombination mechanism via 7 ⇄ 8 ⇄ 9 can be excluded. The influence of the solvent and of the concentration on the first order rate of the carbanion rearrangement strongly speaks for a bimolecular mechanism. The role of a second positive magnesium acting as a Lewis acid is discussed. This mechanism is also supported by the strong steric effect of a tert-butyl group in the 4-position to the magnesium.
    Notes: Die Umlagerung der 3-Butenyl-Grignardverbindungen 4⇄6 wurde bei 100 und 120° kinetisch NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Alkylsubstituenten in der 4-Stellung zum Magnesium zeigen den für einen Carbanionen-Mechanismus zu erwartenden Effekt. Gleichzeitig mit der Äquilibrierung der α- und β-Positionen erfolgt cis-trans-Isomerisierung, so daß es sich bei der nicht faßbaren Cyclopropylmethyl-Zwischenstufe 5 nicht nur um einen Übergangszustand handeln kann. Ein radikalisch verlaufender Dissoziations-Rekombinations-Mechanismus über 7 ⇄ 8 ⇄ 9 kann ausgeschlossen werden.Der Einfluß des Lösungsmittels und der Konzentration auf die nach erster Ordnung verlaufende Carbanionen-Umlagerung machen einen bimolekularen Mechanismus wahrscheinlich. Die Funktion des zweiten Magnesiums als Lewissäure wird diskutiert. Dafür spricht auch der starke sterische Einfluß einer tert-Butylgruppe in der 4-Stellung Zum Magnesium.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 2547-2554 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3-(Lithiomethyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethylcyclopropane, a Stable Cyclopropylmethyllithium CompoundThe cyclic chlorine and mercury compounds 6 and 9 as well as the open-chain chloro compound 7 react with lithium power in diethyl ether to afford the pure cyclopropylmethyllithium compound 10 completely free of diethyl ether. Only at - 60°C starting with 7 besides 10.8% of the corresponding open-chain organolithium compound 11 was detected. X-ray analysis of 10 showed solvent-free hexameric clusters with the lithium atoms forming a trigonal antiprism with unoccupied trianglular faces on the top and at the bottom while each of the six laterally triangular faces is coordinated to a 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylmethyl ligand.
    Notes: Sowohl die cyclischen Chlor- und Quecksilberverbindungen 6 und 9 als auch die offenkettige Chlorverbindung 7 liefern bei der Umsetzung mit Lithiumpulver in Diethylether die reine etherfreie Cyclopropylmethyllithium-Verbindung 10. Nur bei - 60°C lassen sich ausgehend von 7 noch 8% der entsprechenden offenkettigen Lithiumverbindung 11 neben 10 nachweisen. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 10 ergab hexamere Cluster, in denen die Lithiumatome ein trigonales Antiprisma bilden, dessen obere und untere Dreiecksfläche unbesetzt ist, während über jeder der sechs seitlichen Dreiecksflächen ein 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropylmethyl-Rest koordiniert ist.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 120 (1987), S. 1695-1706 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbanion Rearrangements of ω-Phenyl-ω(trimethylsilyl)alkyllithium Compounds: Intramolecular Reactions of Benzyltrimethylsilanes with a Carbon-Lithium Bond1)ω-Phenyl-ω-(trimethylsilyl)alkyllithium compounds show four out of five theoretically conceivable possibilities for intramolecular stabilization depending on the solvent and on the chain length n. While transmetalation of a methyl group at the silicon atom by a 1,(n + 2) proton transfer is observed in any case, the intramolecular 1,n shift of the benzylic proton does only take place with n ≥ 4. The main reaction, however for n = 3 and 4 only, is represented by the 1,n trimethylsilyl shift via a cyclic ate complex as an intermediate which partly splits off methyllithium yielding the corresponding silacycloalkane derivatives. In going from diethyl ether to THF as the solvent, the silyl shifts are more accelerated than the proton shifts. In no case, however, a Grovenstein-Zimmerman rearrangement involving phenyl migration took place. Degenerate silyl shifts starting from α-deuterated ω-(trimethylsilyl)alkyllithium compounds could not be detected either. Only by introduction of a second trimethylsilyl group into the 3 position a 1,3-(C→C)-trimethylsilyl shift is initiated again.
    Notes: ω-Phenyl-ω-(trimethylsilyl)alkyllithium-Verbindungen zeigen vier von fünf theoretisch denkbaren Möglichkeiten zur intramolekularen Stabilisierung in Abhängigkeit vom Lösungsmittel und von der Kettenlänge n. Während die Transmetallierung einer Methylgruppe am Silicium unter 1,(n + 2)-Protonverschiebung in jedem Fall beobachtet wird, findet die intramolekulare 1,n-Verschiebung des Benzylprotons erst ab n ≥ 4 statt. Hauptreaktion, jedoch nur bei n = 3 und 4, ist die 1,n-Trimethylsilylverschiebung über einen cyclischen at-Komplex als Zwischenstufe, aus dem sich teilweise auch Methyllithium abspaltet unter Bildung der entsprechenden Silacycloalkan-Derivate. Beim Übergang von Diethylether zu THF als Lösungsmittel werden die Silylverschiebungen stärker beschleunigt als die Protonverschiebungen. Eine Grovenstein-Zimmerman-Umlagerung unter Phenylverschiebung findet jedoch in keinem Falle statt. Entartete Silylverschiebungen bei α-deuterierten ω-(Trimethylsilyl)alkyllithium-Verbindungen konnten ebenfalls nicht nachgewiesen werden. Erst bei Einführung einer zweiten Trimethylsilylgruppe in die 3-Stellung tritt wieder 1,3-(C→C)-Trimethylsilylverschiebung auf.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Ring-chain equilibria of carbanions and radicals / Cyclobutyl anion, stability of / Endocyclic ring opening of cyclobutyl radicals / Ziegler ether cleavage with lithium and sodium / C-C σ-bond cleavage with lithium metal ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempted Rearrangement of Cyclobutyl Anions to 3-Butenyl Anions: Endocyclic Ring Opening upon Reaction of 3.3-Diphenyl-1-vinylcyclobutyl Methyl Ether with Alkali Metals - via Anions or Radicals?The reaction of the title compound 16 with lithium or sodium in THF yields mainly the open-chain E/Z isomeric trianions 31 ⇌ 32 besides the expected cyclobutyl anion 10. The endocyclic ring opening takes place via the radical intermediate 28 primarily yielding a butadiene derivative 29, which is then further reduced. The anion 10 - prepared independently by deprotonation of the corresponding hydrocarbon 18 - does not rearrange. On investigating side reactions it was discovered that 4,4-diphenyl-1-butene derivatives treated with lithium in THF undergo C-C bond cleavage affording diphenyl-methyllithium in good yields.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,4-Disila[6]radialenes ; [6] Radialenes ; Chair-twist inversion, kinetic measurements of ; Twist conformers, separation of enantiomers of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polylithiumorganic Compounds, XVI. - 1,4-Disila[6]radialenes: Activation. Parameters of the Chair-Twist Inversion and Analytical Separation of the Enantiomers of the Twist ConformersKinetic measurements of the chair-twist inversion of the 1,4-disila[6]radialenes 2 - 4 have been performed at four different temperatures, respectively. The entropies of activation are found to be negative. While the chair conformers of the radialenes are achiral as expected, the enantiomers of the three twist conformers could be separated by HPLC on an optically active stationary phase.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Polylithium compounds ; NMR, 6Li ; Shift correlation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sizable scalar 6Li,1H spin-spin coupling constants have been observed for the new dilithio compound (Z)-2-lithio-1-(o-lithiophenyl)ethene (3) which allow an assignment of the two non-equivalent 6Li resonance signals measured for the dimer of 3. Two-dimensional 6Li,1H shift correlation experiments based on multiple quantum spectroscopy as well as on polarization transfer are introduced as new tools for structural research in the field of organolithium compounds.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 540-577 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbanion Rearrangements by Intramolecular 1, ω Proton Shifts, III. The Reaction of 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-Phenylalkyllithium CompoundsUpon addition of THF to a solution of 4-phenylbutyllithium (2) in diethyl ether a rapid intramolecular 1,4 proton shift takes place with the formation of 1-phenylbutyllithium (5). Similarly, although somewhat more slowly, 5-phenylpentyllithium (82) rearranges to 1-phenylpentyllithium (83) via 1,5 proton transfer. The corresponding rearrangements by 1,2 or 1,3 hydrogen shifts, however, starting with 2-phenylethyllithium (1) and 3-phenylpropyllithium (54), respectively were not detected. With 3-phenylpropyllithium (54) a slow intramolecular 1,5 transfer of an ortho proton is observed instead, yielding o-propylphenyllithium (100). The corresponding 1,6 shift with 4-phenylbutyllithium (2) was also detected in a minor amount in addition to the 1,4 proton shift already mentioned. There is no indication, however, for a 1,4 transfer of an ortho proton in 2-phenylethyllithium (1). The reaction products in this case can be exclusively explained by intermolecular transmetallation reactions. All ω-phenylalkyllithium compounds under investigation show interesting side and secondary reactions being rather different in deuterated solvents and in deuteriumfree solvents, respectively, due to the isotope effects. The analysis of the products is accomplished by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and, after derivatization, with the help of a GC-MS-combination. Stereoelectronic reasons are made responsible for the failure of the intramolecular 1,2 and 1,3 proton shift in these systems.
    Notes: Bei Zugabe von THF zu einer etherischen Lösung von 4-Phenylbutyllithium (2) erfolgt eine rasche intramolekulare 1,4-Protonverschiebung unter Bildung von 1-Phenylbutyllithium (5). Analog, jedoch etwas langsamer, lagert 5-Phenylpentyllithium (82) unter 1,5-Protonverschiebung in 1-Phenylpentyllithium (83) um. Entsprechende Umlagerungen unter 1,2- oder 1,3-Wasserstoffverschiebung ausgehend vom 2-Phenylethyllithium (1) oder 3-Phenylpropyllithium (54) konnten dagegen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Beim 3-Phenylpropyllithium (54) beobachtet man statt dessen eine langsame intramolekulare 1,5-Verschiebung eines ortho-Protons unter Bildung von o-Propylphenyllithium (100). Die entsprechende 1,6-Verschiebung konnte in untergeordnetem Maße auch beim 4-Phenyllithium (2) neben der bereits erwähnten 1,4-Protonverschiebung nachgewiesen werden. Für eine 1,4-Verschiebung eines ortho-Protons im 2-Phenylethyllithium (1) gibt es dagegen keine Hinweise. Die Reaktionsprodukte sind hier ausschließlich mit intermolekularen Ummetallierungen zu erklären. Alle untersuchten ω-Phenylalkyllithiumverbindungen zeigen interessante Neben- und Folgereaktionen, die sich in deuterierten Lösungsmitteln wegen der Isotopeneffekte stark unterscheiden von denen in undeuterierten Lösungsmitteln. Die Analyse der Produkte erfolgt 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch und nach Derivatisierung mit Hilfe einer GC-MS-Kombination. Für das Ausbleiben der intramolekularen 1,2- und 1,3-Protonverschiebung in diesen Systemen werden stereoelektronische Gründe verantwortlich gemacht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 933-938 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phospha[3]radialenes ; Alkenylidenephosphiranes ; tautomerism of ; Phosphiranes ; quaternization of ; Phosphiranes ; ring opening to bis(alkylchlorophosphino)butadienes ; Phospha[6]radialenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the dilithiobutadiene 1 with various dichloroorganylphosphanes in diethyl ether at -80°C leads to the formation of the novel phosphiranes 5a-e and 6a, 6c-e in up to 86% yield. A thermal isomerization of the alkenylidenephosphiranes 6 leads to the complete formation of the corresponding “phospha[3]radialenes” 5. Quaternization of the latter gives the cyclic phosphonium salts 8b-d, on addition of iodomethane, while methylation of 5a leads to the acyclic 9a. The phosphiranes 5c-e and 6c-e are converted into the bis- (alkylchlorophosphino)butadienes 10c-e by addition of the corresponding dichloroorganylphosphane at room temperature, whereas 5a,b and 6a are quite unreactive. The interaction of 10e with 1 gives the “phospha[6]radialene” 12e, a formal dimer of 5e. The isolated 1,4-diphosphorinane 12e exists in a rigid trans-chair conformation as revealed by its NMR spectra.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbanion Rearrangements by Intramolecular 1,ω Proton Shifts, IV. The Reaction of ω,ω-Diphenylalkyllithium Compounds: Proof for an Intramolecular Transmetallation Reaction by Crossover Experiments Using Isotopic Labelled Starting Material3,3-Diphenylpropyllithium (2) and 2-(9-fluorenyl)ethyllithium (43) do not show a 1,3 proton shift but splitt off ethylene. On the other hand 4,4-diphenylbutyllithium (19) in diethyl ether can be forced to rearrange to 1,1-diphenylbutyllithium (18) by the addition of THF. The half reaction time for this 1,4 proton shift was found to be about 4 minutes. Proff for the intramolecular character of this transmetallation reaction was obtained by crossover experiments with specifically deuterated starting material. The 1,5 proton shift with 5,5-diphenylpentyllithium (12) occurs considerably shower than the 1,4 shift with 4,4-diphenylbutyllithium (19). The rearrangement also takes place in pure diethyl ether although with a half reaction time of about 2 days. Only 3-(9-fluorenyl)propyllithium (41) in diethyl ether spontaneously shows rearrangement already at -30°C, whereby 9-propyl-9-fluorenyllithium (42) is formed by a 1,4 proton shift. A 1,ω phenyl migration according to Grovenstein-Zimmerman in no case could be observed.
    Notes: 3,3-Diphenylpropyllithium (2) und 2-(9-Fluorenyl)ethyllithium (43) erleiden keine 1,3-Protonverschiebung sondern spalten Ethylen ab. 4,4-Diphenylbutyllihium (19) in etherischer Lösung läßt sich dagegen durch Zugabe von THF in 1,1-Diphenylbutyllithium (18) umlagern. Die Halbwertszeit der 1,4-Protonverschiebung beträgt etwa 4 Minuten. Der Beweis für den intramolekularen Verlauf der Ummetallierung gelang durch Kreuzungsversuche mit spezifisch deuteriertem Ausgangsmaterial. Die 1,5-Protonverschiebung beim 5,5-Diphenylpentyllithium (12) erfolgt langsamer als die 1,4-Verschiebung beim 4,4-Diphenylbutyllithium (19). Die Umlagerung gelingt auch in reinem Diethylether, jedoch mit einer Halbwertszeit von etwa 2 Tagen. Nur 3-(9-Fluorenyl)-propyllithium (41) lagert sich in Diethylether bereits bei -30°C spontan um, wobei unter 1,4-Protonverschiebung 9-Propyl-9-fluorenyllithium (42) entsteht. Eine 1,ω-Phenylwanderung nach Grovenstein-Zimmerman konnte in keinem Fall nachgewiesen werden.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 2489-2498 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: (+)-Menthyllithium, stereoselective metallation with ; Prochiral sulfoxides, enantio- and diastereoselective α-deprotonation of ; 2-Bornyllithium, content of isobornyllithium in ; Racemization, mechanism by intermolecular transmetallation ; e.e., temperature dependence of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantio- and Diastereoselective α-Metallation of Prochiral Sulfoxides by (+)-MenthyllithiumSix out of ten prochiral dialkyl sulfoxides 3 with diastereotopic α methylene protons were stereoselectively metallated by (+)-menthyllithium (11) to yield two diastereomeric pairs of enriched enantiomers 29 after the reaction with benzophenone. The maximum e.e. was 40%. Dicyclohexyl sulfoxide (3c) was deprotonated enantioselectively with an e.e. of 30%. 2-Bornyllithium (21) was unsuccessful as a chiral base and was shown for the first time to contain 4% of isobornyllithium (22). The reactions were performed in pentane at - 80°C; in diethyl ether and THF the e.e.'s were only slightly higher, and at higher temperatures the selectivity was rapidly decreasing. It was shown that racemization takes place by an intermolecular transmetallation reaction. The structure of 29f [n = 3] was elucidated by an X-ray analysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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