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  • Autoradiography  (3)
  • Botulinum toxin  (3)
  • Kidney  (3)
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
Schlagwörter
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 300 (1977), S. 57-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Aminoglycoside ; Gentamicin ; Kidney ; Electron microscopic autoradiography ; Lysosomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Upon intravenous injection of 3H-gentamicin in rats, radioactivity in serum rapidly declined to 3% of total within 1 h. Kidneys accumulated a constant amount (14%) of the injected radioactivity between 2 and 6 h after injection. In mice, simultaneous or prior application of unlabeled gentamicin (10 mg/kg) diminished the renal concentration of 3H-gentamicin, and aprotinin (10 mg/kg) was able to compete with labeled aprotinin. Aprotinin did not diminish the renal accumulation of gentamicin and vice versa. However, since 10 mg/kg aprotinin raised also the plasma concentrations of both 3H-gentamicin and 125I-aprotinin, the evidences resulting from these experiments are limited. Mouse kidney cortex was processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography at different times following i.v. injection of 3H-gentamicin. Gentamicin enters the apical part of proximal tubule cells. Initially, brush border and basement membrane labeling is prominent, whereas lysosomes appear as intense and prevalent stores 20 min or later after injection. Fractionation of 3H-gentamicin loaded kidneys showed a similar distribution pattern of radioactivity and the lysosomal marker β-galactosidase. The same was true when the crude lysosomal fraction was subjected to density gradient centrifugation, which corroborates the microscopical findings. Radioactivity is partially bound to lysosomal structures, for repeated freezing of loaded lysosomes left 35% of radioactivity particle-bound. It is concluded that both gentamicin and peptides are handled in a similar manner by adsorption, followed by endocytosis and lysosomal sequestration in proximal tubule cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 311 (1980), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Neuromuscular junction ; Calcium ; Neuraminidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The blocking effect of tetanus toxin on the neuromuscular junction of the mouse phrenic nervehemidiaphragm preparation exposed to the toxin (0.05–20 μg/ml) in the organ bath was studied and compared with the action of botulinum A toxin. 2. The time course of the paralysis of the diaphragm could be divided into a latent and a manifest period. Still during the latent period the effect of the toxin became progressively resistant to washing and, with some delay, to antitoxin. 3. Between 25 and 41°C the time until paralysis strongly depended on temperature with Q 10 of about 2.7. 4. Procedures increasing the transmitter release shortened, and procedures depressing it prolonged the time until paralysis. 5. 4-Aminopyridine and guanidine temporarily restored the contraction of the partially paralyzed diaphragm, indicating the persistence of activatable calcium and acetylcholine pools. Raising the external Ca2+-concentration and application of the Ca-Ionophore A 23187 were ineffective in the doses applied. 6. About 80 min after exposure to the toxin (10 μg/ml), the m.e.p.p. activity decreased by a factor of 30. Parallel to this, paralysis of nerve evoked muscle contraction developed. 7. Neuraminidase treatment did not prevent tetanus toxin poisoning. 8. The paralysis is produced by tetanus toxin itself and not by contaminants as shown by the parallel decrease of toxicity and paralysis following treatment with either antitoxin or brain homogenate, or by the use of spontaneously inactivated toxin. 9. Tetanus toxin was compared with botulinum A toxin as to the shape of its dose-response curve, time course of paralysis, temporary reversal by 4-aminopyridine and behaviour against Ca-ionophore. In any case, both toxins were indistinguishable, albeit botulinum A neurotoxin was calculated to be about 2000 times more potent than tetanus toxin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 312 (1980), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylcholine ; Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Myenteric plexus ; Transmitter release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of tetanus and botulinum A toxin were studied on the electrically stimulated myenteric plexus-ileum strip of the guinea pig. The concentrations used were in the range of 104–106 mouse LD50/ml. 1. Tetanus and botulinu, A toxin slowly decrease the amplitude of the contractile response to field stimulation in a dose-dependent manner without influencing the sensitivity to acetylcholine of the smooth muscle. 2. Development of paralysis is preceded by a latent period. Washing and antitoxin slow the paralytic process only when applied during the latent period. 3. The time course of development of paralysis depends on the activity of the strip. It can be slowed by rest, high [Mg2+], or low [Ca2+], and accelerated by raising the stimulation frequency. 4. Substances like 4-aminopyridine, sea anemone toxin II and scorpion toxin which prolong the membrane depolarization restore temporarily the contraction of partially paralysed muscle strips. 5. Poisoned preparations do not differ from controls in their total acetylcholine contents, whereas formation as well as release of [3H]-acetylcholine are decreased by either toxin. It is concluded that a) tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin are qualitatively indistinguishable with respect to their actions on the postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum, botulinum A toxin being 5 times more potent than tetanus toxin, b) the effects of the toxins at postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum and at motor nerve endings are qualitatively similar, botulinum A toxin being about 500 times more potent than tetanus toxin at the latter preparation (see Habermann et al., 1980b, c) both toxins influence the turnover of acetylcholine but not its tissue concentration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 325 (1984), S. 85-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Na+, K+-ATPase ; Palytoxin ; Ouabain ; Kidney ; Erythrocyte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Hog kidney Na+, K+-ATPase, purified to the microsomal stage and activated with detergent, binds palytoxin, as shown by the nearly complete competition of the toxin with 3H-ouabain. The K i-values of palytoxin, but not of ouabain, depend on the protein concentration; this indicates additional binding sites for the toxin on kidney membranes. — Palytoxin inhibits the enzymatic activity of the detergent-activated preparation nearly completely (IC50 8·10−7 mol/l). Inhibition of ATPase activity and of ouabain binding are promoted by borate, a known activator of palytoxin. — Palytoxin also inhibits the Na+, K+-ATPase of erythrocyte ghosts in the same dose range. The data are discussed in context with the hypothesis (Chhatwal et al. 1983) that palytoxin raises the cellular permeability by altering the state of Na+, K+-ATPase or its environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 301 (1977), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus ; Toxin ; Axonal transport ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats were injected i.v. with 125I-tetanus toxin. In autoradiographs of the spinal cord radioactivity was found over the pericarya and in the surroundings of the motoneurones whereas grain density was less over their nuclear region. In addition, pericarya in the lateral horn of the thoracic region and also the bipolar cells of the spinal ganglia contained radioactivity. The central part and the dorsal horns of spinal cord, and the white substance did not show any appreciable radioactivity. Within the medulla oblongata, clusters of large cells representing motor nuclei, as well as some fibre tracts close to them, contained 125I. Forebrain and cerebellum remained free. According to its histoautoradiographic appearance, generalized tetanus can be described best as a combination of multiple local tetani.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 276 (1973), S. 361-373 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus Toxin ; Iodine Labelling ; Spinal Cord ; Autoradiography ; Antitoxin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The in vivo interaction of 125I-labelled toxin with substructures of rat spinal cord has been studied. The rats were poisoned by i.v. injection about 40–50 h before sacrifice. 1. The labelled material accumulates in the grey substance, which is, on microdissection, about 6 times more active than the white. Autoradiography reveals that the toxin is particularly enriched in the ventrolateral part of the grey substance. 2. On ultracentrifugation of the homogenates, the label is preferentially fixed to the dense fractions known to contain the synaptosomes. However, a considerable part of the toxin is fixed to the lighter fractions too. 3. Upon gel filtration, the labelled material in SDS-homogenates from spinal cords poisoned in vivo is indistinguishable from toxin added to the homogenates already prepared. The same is true for the bulk of radioactivity when subjected to disc gel electrophoresis. 4. The labelled material is degraded by enzymes from spinal cord at pH 3.5, but not at pH 7.5. 5. The labelled material is relatively firmly bound to structures of spinal cord. The bonding is fairly resistant against washing, even in the presence of an excess of cold toxin, but it can be partially released by treatment with antitoxin. According to these findings, the labelled material is firmly but not irreversibly bound in vivo to discrete structures, corresponding preferentially to the synaptosomal fractions in the homogenates and the ventrolateral grey in the slices. No evidence has been found for its degradation in vivo. So far, the bulk of labelled material in the spinal cord is indistinguishable from tetanus toxin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 290 (1975), S. 329-333 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus Toxin ; Iodine Labelling ; Neurones ; Tissue Culture ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Primary cultures derived from embryonic mouse brain and spinal cord were exposed to 125I-labelled tetanus toxin and subjected to autoradiography. Cells with neuronal, but not glial, morphology selectively accumulated the toxin. The distribution of the grains over these cells and their processes was not uniform, discrete processes showing heavier labelling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 300 (1977), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Polycations ; Aminoglycosides ; Kidney ; Brush border membrane ; Lysosomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Experiments with Brush Border Membranes Drugs were screened for inhibition of 125I-aprotinin binding to isolated rat renal brush border membranes. Cationic polymers were effective, and their primary amino groups were crucial. The polycationic aminoglycosides displaced 125I-aprotinin with low concentrations (50% inhibition by 50 μg/ml of gentamicin). The decreasing sequence of both number of amino groups and of inhibitory potency was: neomycin 〉 tobramycin 〉 gentamicin 〉 kanamycin 〉 streptomycin. Binding of 3H-gentamicin-C1 to the brush border membrane was saturable. The Scatchard plot indicated an association constant of 43 mM−1, and 18 nmoles per mg of membrane protein for the number of binding sites. Inhibition of 125I-aprotinin binding by gentamicin was competitive. The inhibition constant (KI) was 20 μg/ml with concentrations of 8 and 40 μg/ml of gentamicin. 2. Experiments with Lysosomes Gentamicin and aprotinin (200 μg/ml) activated β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase from renal lysosomes, but not acid phosphatase. Gentamicin and aprotinin (300 μg/ml) increased the release of acid phosphatase from intact renal lysosomes. Lysosomal degradation of 125I-aprotinin into acid soluble split products was much slower than that of 125I-insulin. From our present and previous results it is concluded that binding to the brush border membrane occurs with chemically quite different, however basic drugs and that the number of amino groups per molecule is relevant. Nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides may be related to their endocytic uptake through a direct action on lysosomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 316 (1981), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Acetylcholine ; Calcium ; Brain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Slices or particles from rat forebrain cortex were preloaded with [3H]choline, and the release of [3H]acetylcholine was evoked with potassium ions in a superfusion system. Release depended on the presence of calcium. 1. Incubation of the preloaded tissue preparation for 2 h with tetanus or botulinum A toxin did not change the [3H]acetylcholine content or the ratio [3H]acetylcholine/[3H]choline. Tetanus toxin diminished, dependent on dose and time, the release of [3H]acetylcholine evoked by 25 mM K+. It was about ten times more potent than botulinum A toxin. The effect of botulinum toxin was due to its neurotoxin content. Raising the potassium concentration partially overcame the inhibition by the toxins. Hemicholinium-3, applied to preloaded slices, left the subsequent [3H]acetylcholine release unchanged. Pretreatment of particles with neuraminidase diminished the content of long-chain gangliosides to the detection limit. Such particles remained fully sensitive to tetanus toxin, and at least partially sensitive to botulinum A toxin. 2. The potassium or sea anemone toxin II stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into cortex synaptosomes or particles was not inhibited by either toxin. Both toxins appear to impede the Ca2+-dependent mobilization of an easily releasable acetylcholine pool, without inhibiting the transmembranal calcium fluxes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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