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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Extremophiles 4 (2000), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Cold shock ; Low-temperature adaptation ; Psychrophile ; Adaptive mechanisms ; Antarctic Archaea ; Gene expression ; Protein structure ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We live on a cold planet where more than 80% of the biosphere is permanently below 5°C, and yet comparatively little is known about the genetics and physiology of the microorganisms inhabiting these environments. Based on molecular probe and sequencing studies, it is clear that Archaea are numerically abundant in diverse low-temperature environments throughout the globe. In addition, non-low-temperature-adapted Archaea are commonly exposed to sudden decreases in temperature, as are other microorganisms, animals, and plants. Considering their ubiquity in nature, it is perhaps surprising to find that there is such a lack of knowledge regarding low-temperature adaptation mechanisms in Archaea, particularly in comparison to what is known about archaeal thermophiles and hyperthermophiles and responses to heat shock. This review covers what is presently known about adaptation to cold shock and growth at low temperature, with a particular focus on Antarctic Archaea. The review highlights the similarities and differences that exist between Archaea and Bacteria and eukaryotes, and addresses the potentially important role that protein synthesis plays in adaptation to the cold. By reviewing the present state of the field, a number of important areas for future research are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme ; Gene expression ; Sodium chloride ; Heart ; Inbred rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have recently shown that the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene is linked to NaCl-loaded blood pressure in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), and that high-NaCl loading selectively stimulates ACE in the aorta of SHRSP but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We therefore investigated the relationship between cardiac ACE and the development of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in response to normal- and high-NaCl diet in these rats. ACE mRNA and ACE activity were measured in left ventricular tissue after completion of hemodynamic characterization of the animals. While SHRSP rats increased blood pressure (P〈0.0001) and heart rate (P〈0.005) in response to high NaCl, blood pressure remained unchanged in WKY. Similarly, relative left ventricular weight increased only in SHRSP after high NaCl (P〈0.002). A significant two- to threefold increase of cardiac ACE mRNA and fourfold stimulation of ACE enzyme activity in response to high NaCl was found in both WKY and SHRSP rats (P〈0.005). The induction of ACE gene expression was significantly more pronounced in SHRSP compared to WKY (P〈0.02), whereas no significant strain differences in left ventricular ACE activity were found after either normal- or high-NaCl diet. Thus, arterial blood pressure and left ventricular weight remained unchanged in the WKY rats despite the activation of left ventricular ACE activity after high-NaCl exposure. These results demonstrate that left ventricular ACE activity is equally upregulated in response to high-NaCl in the normotensive and hypertensive strain, independently from the development of hypertension. We conclude that the pretranslational induction of left ventricular ACE with high-NaCl loading may be important both for the regulation of cardiac angiotensins and kinins and for local therapeutic ACE inhibition in the heart during high-salt status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Atriplex ; Gene expression ; NaCl regulation ; Halophyte ; Plasma-membrane H+-ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An Atriplex nummularia L. cDNA probe encoding the partial sequence of an isoform of the plasma-membrane H+ -ATPase was isolated, and used to characterize the NaCl regulation of mRNA accumulation in cultured cells of this halophyte. The peptide (447 amino acids) translated from the open reading frame has the highest sequence homology to the Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plasma-membrane H+-ATPase isoform pma4 (greater than 80% identity) and detected a transcript of approximately 3.7 kb on Northern blots of both total and poly(A)+ RNA. The mRNA levels were comparable in unadapted cells, adapted cells (cells adapted to and growing in 342 mM NaCl) and deadapted cells (cells previously adapted to 342 mM NaCl that are now growing without salt). Increased mRNA abundance was detected in deadapted cells within 24 h after exposure to NaCl but not in unadapted cells with similar salt treatments. The NaCl up-regulation of message abundance in deadapted cells was subject to developmental control. Analogous to those reported for glycophytes, the plasma-membrane H+-ATPase are encoded by a multigene family in the halophyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of tantalum coatings on steel by vacuum plasma sprayingIn this work the possibilities of the production of tantalum coatings by vacuum plasma spraying were investigated.Suitable parameters of the vacuum plasma spraying process were determined, and the quality of vacuum plasma sprayed tantalum coatings was evaluated with regard to chemical composition, adhesion strength, density and corrosion behaviour. To obtain high-quality coatings it was necessary to apply sufficient plasma power as well as an optimal injection of spraying powder into the plasma torch. A complete melting of the tantalum powder particles could not he achieved. The coatings obtained showed a good adhesion strength but a low formability (ductility).The corrosion resistance against HCL and HNO3 was evaluated by curves of the current density versus potential. With the aid of the passive current density it was determined that the corrosion resistance of the sprayed coatings was not as excellent as of compact tantalum. The increased surface roughness was not significant with respect to the corrosion behaviour.The reduced corrosion resistance could be caused probably by a high oxygen content of the tantalum powder, especially by oxides around individual powder particles.In contrast to tantalum, vacuum plasma sprayed titanium coatings showed the same corrosion resistance as compact titanium under the same testing conditions.
    Notes: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Tantalbeschichtungen durch Vakuumplasmaspritzen untersucht. Neben den Arbeiten zur Ermittlung geeigneter Beschichtungsbedingungen erfolgte eine Qualitätsbewertung der Tantalspritzschichten u. a. hinsichtlich chemischer Zusammensetzung, Haftfestigkeit, Dichte und Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Zur Erzielung qualitativ hochwertiger Schichten ist neben einer ausreichenden Plasmaleistung eine optimale Injektion des Spritzpulvers erforderlich. Ein vollständiges Aufschmelzen der Tantalpartikel war nicht erreichbar. Die erzielten Spritzschichten wiesen bei geringer Verformbarkeit eine gute Haftfestigkeit auf. Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit in einer Säuremischung aus HCl und HNO3 wurde durch Aufnahme von Stromdichte-Potentialkurven bewertet. Anhand der Passivstromdichte wurde festgestellt, daß die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von kompaktem Tantal nicht erreicht werden konnte. Die erhöhte Oberflächenrauhigkeit spielt dabei eine untergeordnete Rolle. Als mögliche Ursache der verringerten Korrosionsbeständigkeit wird ein erhöhter Sauerstoffgehalt im Spritzpulver angesehen.Ergänzend durchgeführte Untersuchungen an Titan ergaben, daß eine Titanspritzschicht sich hinsichtlich des Korrosionsverhaltens unter den gewählten Prüfbedingungen vom kompakten Titan nicht unterscheidet.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Degradation of bondcontacts in chip-on-board microelectronic assembliesThe degradation of bondcontacts in Chip-on-Board assemblies under thermic and corrosive stresses were investigated. Degree for quantity of degradation was the changing of the electrical resistance of the bondcontacts. Connections between the silicon die and the substrate (printed circuit board) were manufactured using the well-known ultrasonic bonding process. The PCB's were plated with functional surfaces of Ni and Au by electrolytic or electroless/immersion methods. The deposition method and the thickness of the gold surface have an important influence in the degradation of bondcontacts under thermic and corrosive stresses. The results show that compared to electroless/immersion gold surfaces wire bonds on thick electrolytic deposited gold surfaces (≥ 1.5 μm) tend much faster to degradation.
    Notes: An Chip-on-Board (COB)-Aufbauten wurde die Degradation (Funktionsminderung) von mikroelektronischen Drahtbondverbindungen unter thermischer und korrosiver Belastung untersucht. Als Maß der Degradation wurde die Veränderung des elektrischen Widerstandes verfolgt. Die Bondverbindung zwischen dem Si-Halbleiterchip und dem Substrat (Leiterplatte) wurde mil dem bekannten Ultraschalldrahtbondverfahren realisiert. Die Metallisierung der Leiterbahnen erfolgte durch galvanische oder außenstromlose Abscheidung der funktionellen Schichten Nickel und Gold. Das Degradationsverhalten unter korrosiver und/odor thermischer Belastung hängt wesentlich von der Art der Schichtabscheidung (Ahscheideverfahren, Schichtdicken) der Ni- und Au-Schichten ab. Bondkontakte auf galvanisch aufgebrachten dicken Goldschichten (≥ 1,5 μm) führen nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen bedeutend schneller zur Degradation als auf außenstromlos abgeschiedenen, dünnen (etwa 0,1 μm) Flashgold-Schichten.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermoplastics are currently receiving considerable attention for potential use as structural resins in aerospace vehicles. These materials offer an attractive combination of chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Perhaps the most important advantage offered by the thermoplastics over the new toughened thermosets in composite applications is the potential of low cost manufacturing. However, many problems must be resolved with the thermoplastics before they find extensive use in aerospace composite applications. As part of an effort on improved thermoplastics for use as structural resins, NASA Langley Research Center has been intimately involved in research on polyimides, polyarylene ethers, and polyphenylquinoxalines. Several new semi-crystalline polyimides with high adhesive properties [e.g. Ti/Ti tensile shear strength @ 25°C of 54.1 MPa] and high fracture energies (GIc) [e.g. 6600 J/M2] are under evaluation. New polyarylene ethers offer glass transition temperatures ranging from 114 to 280°C, crystalline melt temperatures of 275 to 400°C, fracture energies (GIc) as high as 6300 J/M2, and good processability. Ethynyl groups were placed on the ends of arylene ether oligomers and subsequently cured to provide materials with excellent adhesive properties and solvent resistance. In the polyphenyl-quinoxaline family, various new homo, co and crosslink polymers display improved processability, good mechanical properties, and higher use temperature. The chemistry (structure/property relationships), mechanical and physical properties of these new thermoplastics are discussed herein.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 5 (1950), S. 383-386 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 5 (1950), S. 387-387 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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