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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 67 (1978), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly-∊-caprolactam had been pyrolyzed directly in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. Already at temperatures below 100°C cyclic oligomers present in the polymer begin to evaporate in the high vacuum and can be identified mass spectrometrically without previous isolation. At temperatures above 390°C the start of an intensive thermal degradation is observed under the described conditions, and it can be shown that mainly cyclic oligomers of caprolactam are produced.
    Notes: Poly-∊-caprolactam (Nylon-6) wurde direkt in der Ionenquelle eines Massenspektrometers pyrolysiert. Bereits bei Temperaturen unterhalb 100°C heginnen dabei die im Polymeren enthaltenen cyclischen Oligomeren im Hochvakuum zu verdampfen und können massenspektrometrisch ohne vorherige Isolierung identifiziert werden. Bei Temperaturen oberhalb 390°C wird unter den genannten Bedingungen das Einsetzen eines intensiven thermischen Abbaus beobachtet, und es kann gezeigt werden, daß hierbei überwiegend cyclische Oligomere des Caprolactams gebildet werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 12 (1991), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Combinations of L- and D-proline residues are useful compounds for finding new structures and properties of cyclic peptides. This is demonstrated with one striking example, the cyclic tetrapeptide c(D-Pro-L-Pro-D-Pro-L-Pro). For this molecule composed of strictly alternating D- and L-configurated residues, a highly symmetrical structure is expected, which should be an optically inactive meso-form. Cyclization of the enantiomeric pure linear precursor D-Pro-L-Pro-D-Pro-L-Pro, however, yields a racemic mixture of two enantiomeric cyclotetrapeptides, both with twofold symmetry and a cis-trans-cis-trans sequence of the peptide bonds. Remarkably, this formation of a racemate was not caused by racemization, but by cis/trans isomerization of all peptide bonds in the ring. This process may occur in the linear precursor during the ring formation (cyclization of conformers with trans-cis-trans or cis-trans-cis arrangement of the amide bonds) as well as in the enantiomeric pure cyclic tetrapeptide at higher temperature. In the latter case, an all-cis structure should exist as the intermediate, which can form a cis-trans-cis-trans sequence in two equivalent ways, leading finally to two enantiomeric cyclotetrapeptides. In the first one, the cis peptide bonds are attributed to the L-residues and the trans peptide bonds to the D-residues; in the second one, the cis bonds belong to the D and the trans bonds to the L-residues. The mixture of these two enantiomers does not crystallize in the racemic form, but in enantiomeric pure separate crystals. The structural properties could be proved by 1H- and 13C-nmr spectroscopy and x-ray analysis. The cis/trans isomerization process was confirmed by optical rotation measurements and CD spectroscopy, as well as DREIDING model studies. Calorimetric measurements in the solid state suggest the existence of the expected all-cis intermediate. The backbone conformation of the 12-membered medium-sized ring shows only slight deviations - up to 6°  - from the planarity of the peptide bonds. On the other hand, the four pyrrolidine rings show different types of puckering of the Cγ or the Cβ atoms.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The title compound represents the smallest member of cyclic proline peptides corresponding to the general formula c(DDLL-Pro4)n with a strictly D, D, L, L double-alternating sequence of the chiral amino acid residues. The cyclopeptides with n ≥ 2 could be synthesized from both DDLL-Pro4 (1) and DLLD-Pro4 (2). The cyclic monomer (n = 1) resulted only from 2, whereas not even a trace could be found by cyclizntion of 1. The peptide exists in a strongly strained Ci symmetrical conformation (x-ray analysis) with alternating cis and trans peptide bonds (ctct form I). The cis peptide bonds deviate from planarity (ω = 22°); two of the pyrrolidine rings show a “South” conformation (φ = -94°), whereas the other residues exhibit Cα-endo puckering (φ = -124°). Two of the ψ angles surprisingly occur at +41° (anti-cis), the others are located in the trans′region. A quantitative ring opening occurs with trifluoroacetic acid at room temperature. In solution the existence of an isomeric ctcc sequence (form Ia) is indicated. Dreiding model studies also suggested a favorable conformation with a tctc sequence (form II). Consequently, we performed molecular mechanics calculations, based on the CHARMM force field and semiempirical quantum mechanical AMI calculations (MOPAC program). Pronounced differences in the backbone parameters were found using these two methods. However, the theoretical studies evidenced the experimentally obtained differences in the cyclization tendencies of the linear precursors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: As a contribution to the elucidation of the mechanism of the cationic polymerization of caprolactam initiated by anhydrous acids, e.g. HCl, the variation of the concentration of some functional groups of the oligoamides and polyamides formed was investigated. In particular, the concentration of the C-terminal N-acyllactam groups was determined by IR-spectroscopy and by potentiometric titration of the carboxylic groups formed upon alkaline hydrolysis.An improved polymerization technique was developed leading to a complete exclusion of traces of oxygen and moisture and, hence, to more reproducible results.The dependence of the concentration of different functional groups on the polymerization conditions (temperature, reaction time, initiator concentration) was examined. In the initial state of the polymerization acyllactam and ammonium endgroups are formed to equal amount, i.e., one of each group per initiating lactam hydrochloride molecule. This confirms the earlier(1-4) established mechanism of the initiation reaction under formation of oligo-ε-aminocaproyl caprolactams. The concentration of the acyllactam groups then reaches a maximum and decreases again due to side reactions before becoming constant. At high temperatures the concentration of the basic endgroups (as hydrochlorides) becomes equal to that of the initiator after reaching the equilibrium and then remains constant during the total polymerization time. The concentration of caprolactam hydrochloride drops to a very low equilibrium value.The course of the polymerization also depends on temperature. Above 170°C increasing side reactions occur leading to the disappearance of acyllactam groups and to the formation of a midine and carboxylie groups which were detected by IR-spectroscopy. The occurrence of the side reactions strongly depends on the acidity of the medium.
    Notes: Als Beitrag zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der kationischen Caprolactam-Polymerisation mit wasserfreien Säuren (z. B. HCl) als Initiatoren wurde der Gehalt der C-terminal entstehenden N-Acyllactam-Endgruppen und anderer funktioneller Gruppen der gebildeten Oligo- und Polyamide quantitative bestimmt. Dies erfolgte auf IR-spektroskopischem Wege und durch potentiometrische Titration der nach alkalischer Hydrolyse gebildeten Carboxylgruppen.Für die Polymerisation wurde ein verbessertes Verfahren ausgearbeitet, das vollständigen Sauerstoff- und Feuchtigkeitsausschluß ermöglicht und damit besser reproduzierbare Ergebnisse liefert.Die Abhängigkeit der Konzentration verschiedener funktioneller Gruppen von den Polymerisationsbedingungen (Temperatur, Reaktionszeit, Initiatorkonzentration) wurde untersucht. Bei Polymerisationsbeginn entstehen Acyllactam- und Ammonium-Endgruppen in genau gleicher Menge, und zwar je eine der beiden Gruppen pro initiierendes Lactamhydrochlorid-Molekül. Dies bestätigt den früher1-4 nachgewiesenen Mechanismus der Startreaktion unter Bildung von Oligo-ε-aminocaproyl-caprolactamen. Die Acyllactam-Konzentration verläuft anschließend durch ein Maximum, sinkt infolge von Nebenreaktionen ab und bleibt danach konstant. Die Konzentration der basichen Endgruppen (als Hydrochloride) bleibt bei höheren Temperaturen nach Erreichen des Gleichgewichts während der gesamten Polymerisation etwa gleich der des eingesetzten Initiators. Die Konzentration an Caprolactam-hydrochlorid sinkt bis zu einem sehr niedrigen Gleichgewichtswert.Der Reaktionsverlauf hängt stark von der Polymerisationstemperatur ab. Oberhalb 170°C treten zunehmend Nebenreaktionen auf, die zum Verschwinden von Acyllactam-Gruppen und zur IR-spektroskopisch nachgewiesenen Bildung von Amidin- und Carboxyl-gruppen führen. Der Anteil der Nebenreaktionen hängt auch von der Acidität des Systems ab.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1015-1015 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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