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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 78 (1983), S. 473-491 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: atrial fibrillation ; coronary circulation ; coronary vasoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 21 narkotisierten thorakotomierten Hunden wurde der Einfluß von Vorhofflimmern auf die Koronardurchblutung untersucht. Vorhofflimmern wurde entweder durch lokale Applikation einer 10%-Acetylcholinlösung auf das linke Herzohr oder durch elektrische Stimulation (2–7 Volt, 2 ms, 50 Hz) induziert. Unter Vorhofflimmern (n=10) kam es zu einem signifikanten Abfall des mittleren Aortendruckes und Anstieg der Herzfrequenz; die Koronardurchblutung änderte sich nicht (78±6 gegenüber 75±5 ml/min×100 g), dagegen nahmen der Koronargefäßwiderstand von 1,16±0.05 auf 0,87±0.07 (mmHg×min×100 g)/ml (RU), p〈0,0001 und die koronarvenöse Sauerstoffsättigung von 26±2% auf 22±1%, p〈0,05, ab. Nach maximaler Koronardilatation durch Carbochromen (5mg/kg in 3 min i.v.) waren Koronardurchblutung (311±48 gegenüber 205±30 ml/min×100 g, p〈0,01) und koronarvenöse Sauerstoffsättigung (65±6 gegenüber 42±6%, p〈0,01) bei Vorhofflimmern deutlich niedriger, der Koronargefäßwiderstand (0,27±0,03 gegenüber 0,37±0,04 RU, p〈0,0001) hingegen um 38±8% (p〈0,0005) größer als bei Sinusrhythmus. Während der ebenfalls durch elektrische Vorhofstimulation ausgelösten supraventrikulären Tachykardie mit identischer Herzfrequenz wie bei Vorhofflimmern (n=11) waren Koronardurchblutung (92±9 gegenüber 125±14 ml/min×100 g, p〈0,001) und koronarvenöse Sauerstoffsättigung (24±2 gegenüber 30±2%, p〈0,0025) größer, der Koronargefäßwiderstand (1,16±0,11 gegenüber 0,97±0,10 RU, p〈0,0005) niedriger als bei Vorhofflimmern; auch bei maximaler Koronardilatation waren Koronardurchblutung (168±16 gegenüber 233±24 ml/min×100 g, p〈0,0005) und koronarvenöse Sauerstoffsättigung (57±2 gegenüber 70±3%, p〈0,0005) größer, der Koronargefäßwiderstand (0,46±0,02 gegenüber 0,35±0,02 RU, p±0,0005) niedriger als bei Vorhofflimmern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei Vorhofflimmern zwar der Koronargefäßwiderstand abnimmt, dennoch die Sauerstoffausschöpfung ansteigt. Dieser vasokonstriktorische Effekt des Vorhofflimmerns wird dann sichtbar, wenn die Herzfrequenz kontrolliert wird. Das vasokonstriktorische Effekt ist unter maximaler Koronardilatation größer als unter Ausgangsbedingungen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation was studied in 21 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Atrial fibrillation was induced either by local application of acetylcholine (10% in normal saline) on the left atrial appendage or by electric stimulation (2–7 volts, 2 ms, 50 Hz). When atrial fibrillation was induced (n=10), mean aortic pressure fell and heart rate rose significantly; coronary blood flow (CBF) remained unchanged (78±6 vs. 75±5 ml/min×10 g) while coronary vascular resistance (CVR) (1.16±0.05 vs. 0.87±0.07 [mHg×min×100 gl/ml [RU], p〈0.0001) and sinus oxygen saturation (26±2 vs. 22±1%, p〈0.05) decreased. Following the application of carbochromen (5 mg/kg in 3 min i.v.) resulting in maximal coronary dilatation, atrial fibrillation resulted in a reduction in CBF (311±48 vs. 205±30 ml/min×100 g, p〈0.01) and coronary sinus oxygen saturation (65±6 vs. 42±6%, p〈0.01), while CVR (0.27±0.03 vs. 0.37±0.04 RU, p〈0.0001) was 38±8% (p〈0.0005) higher during atrial fibrillation than at sinus rhythm. When hearts were paced to a rate which was identical to the average heart rate at atrial fibrillation (n=11), CBF (92±9 vs. 125±14 ml/min×100 g, p〈0.001) and sinus oxygen saturation (24±2 vs. 30±2%, p〈0.0025) were higher and CVR (1.16±0.11 vs. 0.97±0.10 RU, p〈0.0005) lower than during atrial fibrillation; during maximal coronary dilatation by carbochromen, pacing also resulted in a higher CBF (233±24 vs. 168±16 ml/min×100 g, p〈0.0005) and sinus oxygen saturation (70±3 vs. 57±2%, p〈0.0005), while CVR (0.35±0.02 vs. 0.46±0.02 RU, p〈0.0005) was lower than during atrial fibrillation. Thus atrial fibrillation results in a decrease in coronary vascular resistance but an increase in coronary oxygen extraction. When heart rate is controlled, the vasoconstrictor effect of atrial fibrillation becomes unmasked. Coronary vasoconstriction during atrial fibrillation appears to be greater during maximal coronary dilatation than during control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 81 (1986), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: atrial fibrillation ; coronary blood flow ; alpha-adrenoceptor ; coronary constriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of coronary vasoconstriction induced by atrial fibrillation during maximal coronary dilatation was studied in 19 chloralose-urethane anesthetized dogs. Maximal coronary dilatation was achieved by carbochromene (5 mg/kg i.v.) or dipyridamole (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) Left circumflex coronary blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Atrial fibrillation was compared with rhythmic atrial pacing at similar heart rates (207±12 vs. 204±12 beats/min). During maximal coronary dilatation, coronary resistance was 0.38±0.05 mm Hgxminx100 g/ml (RU) at sinus rhythm, 0.41±0.06 RU at atrial pacing, and 0.52±0.07 RU at atrial fibrillation, that was significantly (p〈0.005) higher than during sinus rhythm and atrial pacing. Accordingly, coronary oxygen extraction was 14±1% at sinus rhythm, 17±1% at atrial pacing (p〈0.005 vs. sinus rhythm) and 27±2% at atrial fibrillation (p〈0.001 vs sinus rhythm and atrial pacing). Beta-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg i.v.) did not prevent this coronary vasoconstrictive effect. Following alpha-blockade with phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg i.v.), however, coronary resistance was 0.52±0.08 RU during sinus rhythm, 0.54±0.10 RU during atrial pacing and 0.57±0.09 RU during atrial fibrillation. The data suggest coronary vasoconstriction induced by atrial fibrillation mediated by an alpha-adrenoceptor mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 39 (1993), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The occurrence of instabilities in chemically reacting systems, resulting in unsteady and spatially inhomogeneous reaction rates, is a widespread phenomenon. In this article, we use nonlinear signal processing techniques to extract a simple, but accurate, dynamic model from experimental data of a system with spatiotemporal variations. The approach consists of a combination of two steps. The proper orthogonal decomposition [POD or Karhunen-Loève (KL) expansion] allows us to determine active degrees of freedom (important spatial structures) of the system. Projection onto these “modes” reduces the data to a small number of time series. Processing these time series through an artificial neural network (ANN) results in a low-dimensional, nonlinear dynamic model with almost quantitative predictive capabilities.This approach is demonstrated using spatiotemporal data from CO oxidation on a Pt (110) crystal surface. In this special case, the dynamics of the two-dimensional reaction profile can be successfully described by four modes; the ANN-based model not only correctly predicts the spatiotemporal short-term behavior, but also accurately captures the long-term dynamics (the attractor). While this approach does not substitute for fundamental modeling, it provides a systematic framework for processing experimental data from a wide variety of spatiotemporally varying reaction engineering processes.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Na—Y zeolite was cation exchanged with Ru and tested in ammonia synthesis at atmospheric pressure. Activities up to ∼10% of the commercial iron catalyst scaled by the active surface area were observed. Characterization of the zeolites with XPS was complemented with reference thermal desorption spectroscopy data on a polycrystalline Ru metal surface. The catalysts showed high thermal stability in in situ reduction-oxidation cycles. The chemical state of the Ru will be discussed. From shift measurements the Ru is metallic in the active state, but line shape arguments point to a cluster-like particle morphology. The location of the Ru inside or outside the zeolite framework will be discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Primärvorgänge bei der heterogenen Katalyse können mit atomar reinen Einkristall-Oberflächen untersucht werden. Aussagen über die Struktur von Oberflächenphasen werden mit der Methode der Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen (LEED) erhalten, mit deren Hilfe eine allgemeine Charakterisierung von Adsorptionserscheinungen und katalytischen Reaktionen möglich ist. Es wird über ausgewählte Beispiele berichtet.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and X-Ray Structure Determination of [InCl4(H2O)2][S4N3] - a Tetrachloro-cis-diaqua Complex of Indium(III)The compounds [InCl4(H2O)2][S4N3] (I) and In2Cl8H2O(S4N3)2 (II) were synthesized and the structure of the former determined by x-ray methods. The compound crystallizes in the space group D2h16-Pnam, the unit cell dimensions are a = 19.473 ± 0.003 Å, b = 6.183 ± 0.003 Å, c = 10.814 ± 0.003 Å. Least squares refinement has reached R = 4.9%.
    Notes: Die Verbindungen [InCl4(H2O)2][S4N3] (I) und In2Cl8H2O(S4N3)2 (II) wurden dargestellt und die Struktur der ersteren mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt. Die Verbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe D2h16 - Pnam mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 19,473 ű 0,003 Å, b = 6,183 ± 0,003 Å, c = 10,814 ± 0,003 Å. Die Verfeinerung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate ergab einen R-Wert von 4,9%.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal and Molecular Structure, of S4N4 · 2C7H8The structure of the title compound has been determined from threedimensional X-ray data. Crystals are monoclinic, with unit cell dimenions a = 16.532 Å, b = 8.563 Å, c = 10.880 Å, β = 103.2°, space group C2h6—C2/c and Z = 4. Least squares refinement, by use of 1132 independent reflections measured on a diffractometer has reached 3.9%.In the S4N4·2C7H8 molecules the organic components are linked to two sulfur atoms of the S4N4, ring each.
    Notes: Die Struktur von S4N4 · 2C7H8 wurde röntgenographisch bestimmt. Die Verbindung kristallisiert monoklin, in der Raumgruppe C2h6—C2/c, mit a = 16,532 Å, b = 8,563 Å, c = 10,880 Å, β = 103,2° und Z = 4. Die Verfeinerung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate ergab einen R-Wert von 3,9%.Die beiden Bicyclopentadien-Molekeln sind an je 2 Schwefelatome des S4N4-Ringes gebunden.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 244-244 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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